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[[File:Paris_Commune_rue_de_Rivoli.jpg|thumbnail|350px250px|left|Rue de Rivoli in Paris a week after the fires abated]]In 1871, in Paris, there was one of the first modern left-wing revolutions in the world. It came amidst a background of war and siege. The Paris Commune , as the revolution was known, sought to implement some of the most radical ideas of the French Revolution. The revolutionaries were much influenced by anarchism and were in many ways the precursors of the Soviet Communist in Russian in the early 20th century. The Paris Commune was ultimately defeated, but it served as a model for many revolutionaries at the time and to the present day. ==Background==In 1870, the Prussian Chancellor Bismarck engineered a war with France, under its Emperor Napoleon III. The two nations fought each other mainly in north-eastern France. The Prussians and their German allies defeated the French at the Battle of Sedan and captured the Emperor and they then proceeded to besiege Paris. In the city, the local defence was often in the hands of the the local militia, the National Guard and they were organised on the basis of neighbourhoods. At this time, many citizens of Paris, especially in the poorer neighbourhoods, effectively governed themselves, as they were cut off from the control of the central government, during the Prussian siege. A new provisional French government was located in Bordeaux, far in the South-West of France. Many of the members of the National Guard had left-wing sympathies and they had long resented the autocratic rule of Napoleon III and were eager for change. <ref>Edwards, Stewart (1971). ''The Paris Commune 1871''. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode), p. 67.</ref> Many of the more radical elements in the National Guard were radicals and wanted a revolution. Many of these were sympathetic to the first Socialist movement the ‘First International’.<ref>Stewart, p. 68.</ref> Many in Paris felt abandoned by the new French government and angry at their handling of the war effort.

There was growing frustration with the French army and the government for failing to lift ====Background====In 1870, the Prussian siege and after Chancellor Bismarck engineered a large demonstrationwar with France, the National Guard seized control of the government of the cityunder its Emperor Napoleon III. <ref> Robban, Alfred (1965)The two nations fought each other, ''A History of Modern mainly in north-eastern France'' (Hammondsworth, Penguin Books), p. 215.</ref> They began to organise The Prussians and their German allies defeated the French at the government Battle of Sedan and captured the city on Socialist Emperor, and Anarchist lines and were committed they then proceeded to the defence of besiege Paris against . In the besieging Germans. The Communards as they became known, organised an electioncity, which they won. They organised the city on socialist principles and power local defense was located with often in the local committees.<ref>Cobbanmilitia, the National Guard, pand organized based on neighborhoods. 217.</ref> The rebels demanded a separation of Church and State At this time, universal suffrage and somemany Paris citizens, demanded even especially in the abolition of all private property. They also wanted the power to rest with the people and their local committees. The rebels saw poorer neighborhoods, effectively governed themselves as the heirs of the Great French Revolutionaries such as Marat and Danton. The Communards , as they became known, defied were cut off from the new French central government and sought to extend their rule throughout France.<ref>Merman, John (2014). ''Massacre: The Life and Death of s control during the Paris Commune of 1871''. (New Haven and London: Yale University Pres). p. 81Prussian siege.</ref>

A new provisional French government was located in Bordeaux, far in the South-West of France. Many of the National Guard members had left-wing sympathies, and they had long resented the autocratic rule of Napoleon III and were eager for change. <ref>Edwards, Stewart. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0812902599/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0812902599&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=0f4c18f751d6a03db9b795cba08fd648 The Paris Commune 1871]''. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1971), p. 67.</ref> Many of the more radical elements in the National Guard were radicals and wanted a revolution. Many of these were sympathetic to the first Socialist movement, the ‘First International.’ <ref>Stewart, p. 68.</ref> Many in Paris felt abandoned by the new French government and angry at their handling of the war effort.  There was growing frustration with the French army and the government for failing to lift the Prussian siege. After a large demonstration, the National Guard seized control of the government of the city.<ref>Cobban, Alfred, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/014020525X/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=014020525X&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=982f548e95ba459e58a23f0b79e6726c A History of Modern France]'' (Hammondsworth, Penguin Books, 1965), p. 215.</ref> They began to organize the city's government on Socialist and Anarchist lines and were committed to Paris's defense against the besieging Germans. The Communards, as they became known, organized an election, which they won. They organized the city on socialist principles, and power was located with local committees.<ref>Cobban, p. 217.</ref>  The rebels demanded a separation of Church and State, universal suffrage, and some demanded even abolishing all private property. They also wanted the power to rest with the people and their local committees. The rebels saw themselves as the heirs of the Great French Revolutionaries such as Marat and Danton. As they became known, the Communards defied the new French government and sought to extend their rule throughout France.<ref>Merman, John (2014). ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0465020178/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0465020178&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=8b30415300c9c2d08b9fb770bbab6922 Massacre: The Life and Death of the Paris Commune of 1871]''. (New Haven and London: Yale University Press). p. 81.</ref> ====The Suppression of the Communards====

After the French government agreed to a peace treaty with the Germans, the war between it and the Communards was inevitable. The new French government, under Adolphe Thiers, decided to crush the Communards and their movement. With They dispatched a large military force to Paris with secret German, help, who were still occupying territory around France, they despatched a large military force to Paris. <ref>Cobain, p. 218.</ref> When the Communards refused to hand over some cannon over to the French army, this was to provide the French army with the excuse it needed to crush the National Guard and all those who supported the Paris Commune.  The French army bombarded the Communards in Paris and then attacked their strongholds. The rebels resisted furiously and the fighting became known as the ‘Bloody Week’. The French army brutally crushed the rebels and it summarily executed many Communards. The rebels had also committed many atrocities, including the execution of priests. At the end of the fighting, some 18,000 people had died and 25,000 were wounded. Many Communards were imprisoned and sent to Penal Colonies in French Guinea.<ref>Merman, p. 134.</ref> The French Government was able to reassert its control over Paris. Soon after the Communards were crushed, the Prussians withdrew from France.

==Influence of The French army bombarded the Communards in Paris Commune on Revolutionaries==and then attacked their strongholds. The Communards were totally destroyed, howeverrebels resisted furiously, their revolt and their ideology were to have an enormous influence. They were to inspire many revolutionaries from all over Europe. They saw in the Communard’s rebellion an example how a society could liberate itself from the forces of oppression, such fighting became known as the Church and Monarchy‘Bloody Week. They saw ’ The French army brutally crushed the Communards as providing a model for a future and free societyrebels, where equality and justice were guaranteedit summarily executed many Communards.<ref>Cobain, p. 218.</ref> NearlyThe rebels had also committed many atrocities, every revolutionary movement in the period drew important lessons from including the Parisian Revolutionaries. Their bloody suppression execution of the revolution persuaded many that change was only possible through violencepriests. As a result, in the decades following At the defeat end of the Communardsfighting, many radical groupssome 18, engaged in terrorists’ attacks across Europe000 people had died, but especially in the Russian Empireand 25, where terrorist groups such as the People’s Will launched a campaign of bombings 000 were wounded. Many Communards were imprisoned and assassinationssent to Penal Colonies in French Guinea.<ref> Butterworth, Alex. ''The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists and Secret Police'' (Pantheon Books, London, 2010)Merman, p. 4, 7, 14134.</ref>The French Government was able to reassert its control over Paris. Soon after the Communards were crushed, the Prussians withdrew from France.

====Influence of the Paris Commune on Marx and LeninRevolutionaries====[[File:683px-Lenin.jpg|thumbnail|275px|Vladimir Lenin]]Almost immediately after the defeat of the The Communardswere destroyed; however, left-wing radicals analysed why the revolution had failedtheir revolt and their ideology were to have an enormous influence. These critiques They were very influentialto inspire many revolutionaries from all over Europe. None more so than that They saw in the Communard’s rebellion an example of how a society could liberate itself from the forces of Karl Marxoppression, such as the founder of CommunismChurch and Monarchy. He studied They saw the reasons Communards as providing a model for the failure of the revolt a future and free society, where equality and published his findings in his work the Civil War in France (1871)justice were guaranteed.<ref> Karl Marx, ''The Civil War in France, English Edition of 1871''Cobain, p. 1218.</ref> He believed that Nearly every revolutionary movement in the period drew important lessons from the Commune failed because it was not ruthless enough and that if it should have been led by some professional revolutionariesParisian Revolutionaries. Marx believed Their bloody suppression of the revolution persuaded many that the Commune change was only possible through violence. As a result, in the first example of decades following the ‘dictatorship of Communards' defeat, many radical groups engaged in terrorist attacks across Europe, but especially in the proletariat’, that is a form of participatory governmentRussian Empire, where all power was in terrorist groups such as the hands of ordinary peoplePeople’s Will launched bombings and assassinations campaign.<ref>MarxButterworth, Alex. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0307386759/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0307386759&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a91bd1a2ab2e4468679c38c61138cffc The World That Never Was: A True Story of Dreamers, Schemers, Anarchists, and Secret Police]'' (Pantheon Books, London, 2010), p. 4, 7, 614.</ref>

The Communards ====Influence on Marx and their revolution were to have a huge influence on Lenin====[[File:683px-Lenin. The Russian Revolutionary studied jpg|thumbnail|255px|left|Vladimir Lenin]]Almost immediately after the works defeat of Marx on the history of Communards, left-wing radicals analyzed why the Communardsrevolution had failed. He came to the conclusion that professional revolutionaries These critiques were needed to ensure very influential. None more so than that a revolution would succeed and not be quashed as were of Karl Marx, the Communardsfounder of Communism. Lenin was also influenced by He studied the organisation of reasons for the Communards revolt's failure and wrote extensively on their ideas and revolutionpublished his findings in his work the Civil War in France (1871).<ref> V.I. LeninKarl Marx, ''The Civil War in France, "Lessons English Edition of the Commune"1871'', Marxists Internet Archivep. Originally published: Zagranichnaya Gazeta, No. 2, 23 March 1908. Translated by Bernard Isaacs1.</ref> He modelled his Soviets or workers’ councils on believed that the Commune failed because it was not ruthless enough and that if some professional revolutionaries should have led it. Marx believed that the Commune was the first example of the democratic councils established by ‘dictatorship of the French Revolutionaries in 1871. The revolution proletariat,’ a form of 1871 participatory government, where all power was to have an important influence on the Russian Revolution in 1917ordinary people's hands.<ref>Marx, 6.</ref>

==Conclusion==The Paris Commune was Communards and their revolution were to have a failed revolutionhuge influence on Lenin. It attempted to fulfil The Russian Revolutionary studied the works of Marx on the more radical ideas history of the French Revolution in 1789Communards. It was savagely repressed He came to the conclusion that professional revolutionaries were needed to ensure that a revolution would succeed and there was to not be no similar revolution in France until 1968quashed as were the Communards. The repression of Lenin was also influenced by the Communards encouraged many left-wing groups to adopt more violent tactics ' organization and wrote extensively on their ideas and in revolution.<ref> V.I. Lenin, "Lessons of the decades after the revoltCommune," Marxists Internet Archive. Originally published: Zagranichnaya Gazeta, No. 2, terrorism became a feature of European life23 March 1908. Translated by Bernard Isaacs. The ideas and </ref> He modeled his Soviets or workers’ councils on the example of democratic councils established by the Commune French Revolutionaries in 1871. The revolution of 1871, were was to have a decisive an important influence on both Marx and Lenin and continues to this day, the Russian Revolution in left-wing circles1917.

==References==Conclusion====<references/>The Paris Commune was a failed revolution. It attempted to fulfill the more radical ideas of the French Revolution in 1789. It was savagely repressed, and there was to be no similar revolution in France until 1968. The Communards' repression encouraged many left-wing groups to adopt more violent tactics, and in the decades after the revolt, terrorism became a feature of European life. The ideas and the Commune of 1871 example were to have a decisive influence on both Marx and Lenin and continues to this day, in left-wing circles.

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