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[[File:1899UStroops.jpg|thumbnail|left|300px250px|US Troops dug in during the Philippine-American War in 1899]]After its defeat in [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B000RG1NTE/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B000RG1NTE&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=53fce4b4b0c4074bae289327cecfa2d2 the Spanish-American War of 1898], Spain ceded its longstanding colony of the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris. On February 4, 1899, just two days before the U.S. Senate ratified the treaty, fighting broke out between American forces and Filipino nationalists led by Emilio Aguinaldo who sought independence rather than a change in colonial rulers.  The ensuing [https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0700612254/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0700612254&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=ada45bffa4e1407e5bbf9cfffc623f22 Philippine-American War] lasted three years and resulted in the death of over 4,200 American and over 20,000 Filipino combatants. As many as 200,000 Filipino civilians died from violence, famine, and disease.