Changes

The in During the earliest years of the 20th century, the boundaries of free speech and the 1st Amendment were not well established clear and states did ban certain publications. The case of <i>Gitlow v. New York</i> in 1925 established more clear guidelines as to what constituted free speech and protection under the 1st Amendment. This case greatly restricted the powers of states to suppress publications or speech by individuals. The <i>Adkins v. Children's Hospital</i> case in 1923 first established precedent on due process in the 5th Amendment, further protecting further individuals' rights from states or organizations that infringed on those rightssuch as in work requirements and payment. In the 1930s to 1953 saw a substantial number of court decisions that sided with the federal government and that enhanced government powers, in part as a reaction to major crises. This included granting greater power for Roosevelt to apply the New Deal legislation he had worked to pass in the 1930s. Perhaps the most controversial was the Court's decision that upheld the government's power to intern Japanese-American citizens during World War II, arguably also a complete reversal of earlier decisions that had enhanced civil rights. The two major crises, the Great Depression and World War II, may have influenced court action to face these crises more than political leaning for parties by giving the federal government greater powers. <ref>For more on the early 20th century and shaping of the court and its decisions, see: Walker, S. (2012). <i>Presidents and civil liberties from Wilson to Obama: a story of poor custodians</i>. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press.</ref>