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[[File: Portrait Bust of the Emperor Nero by Thomas della PortaPortrait_Bust_of_the_Emperor_Nero_by_Thomas_della_Porta, the Elder_the_Elder, 1520_1520-1567, gilded bronze and marble with glass stones _gilded_bronze_and_marble_with_glass_stones_- Museum of Fine Arts_Museum_of_Fine_Arts, Springfield_Springfield, MA _MA_- DSC04144_DSC04144.JPG |200px250px|thumb|left|portrait bust Bust of Nero]]Roman history was noted for having very many ‘bad’ emperors. One of the most notorious of these is was Nero. He was the last of the Julian-Claudian dynasty and became infamous for his artistic pretensions, hedonism, and his great cruelty. There are many myths about Nero , and this often obscured the reality of his reign. The emperor was a very important figure in the history of Rome. He was the last of his dynasty and his death ushered in a period of instability. His death led to a period of civil war the first in almost one hundred years. Nero was the first to persecute Christians and he set a precedent for that religion's persecution that was to last on and off for almost three centuries.

Nero was a crucial figure in the history of Rome. He was the last of his dynasty, and his death ushered in a period of instability. His death led to a period of civil war that was the first in almost one hundred years. Nero was the first to persecute Christians, and he set a precedent for that religion's persecution that was to continue off and on for almost three centuries.  ====Background====

Augustus had brought peace to the Roman Empire , and during his reign , he amassed a range of powers. He made himself in effect the first Emperor.<ref> Tacitus. <i>Annals of Rome</i>. 1</ref> Romans feared instability after his death , and they accepted his step-son, Tiberius, as his successor.<ref> Suetonius. <i>Life of Tiberius</i>. 4</ref> This established the hereditary principle for Imperial succession , and the Julian-Claudians Claudian's became the de-facto royal house of the Empire. Tiberius, who is often portrayed as a depraved and bloody old man, was in fact a very capable competent leader. He reformed the system of governance and tax-collection , and his rule was mild.  By the time of his death , the hereditary principle was established , and his nephew Gaius (Caligula) became Emperor.<ref>Suetonius, <i>Life of Caligula</i>. 8</ref> Caligula 's four years in power were bizarre and bloody and after . After his assassination , he was succeeded by Claudius. Often While often portrayed as something of a fool, but he did showed at times show that he was a capable leader. He ordered the conquest of Britain and also annexed much of modern-day Morocco for his empire.<ref> Suetonius, Life of Claudius, 8 </ref>  In the first century AD, the Empire was at its zenith. There had been peace for several decades, and the borders were relatively secure. The majority of provincials were loyal to the Empire, and they were increasingly Romanized. The economy of the Empire was generally good. There was also a great cultural flourishing, and poets such as Ovid and writers such as Petronius produced masterpieces of Latin literature that are still read. This was the Empire that Nero inherited.<ref> Griffin, Miriam T. <i>Nero: The End of a Dynasty</i> ( London: Yale University Press, 1985), p 12</ref> ====The life and reign of Nero====It is important to note that there are no surviving contemporary records of Nero, and many of the remaining accounts are quite possibly biased. Nero was born in 37 AD. His parents were Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, a member of one of the most powerful Roman families, and Agrippina the Younger, sister of Emperor Caligula. He was a grant-nephew of Augustus and, therefore, a member of the Julian-Claudian family. Nero was not viewed as a future emperor at the time of his birth.<ref> Suetonius, Life of Nero. 5</ref>  During his uncle Caligula's reign, his mother fell from favor, and his family was persecuted. His father died (of natural causes), and his mother was exiled. Nero’s fortunes changed with the assassination of his uncle Caligula. Claudius became Emperor, and after a disastrous marriage, he married Agrippina the Younger, his niece.<ref>Tacitus. <i>Annals of Rome</i>. 34</ref>  She persuaded Claudius to make her son Nero his heir and married the daughter of Claudius from his first marriage. It is widely believed that Agrippina, probably with the help of Nero, poisoned Claudius. Nero became Emperor in 54 AD at the age of seventeen.<ref> Suetonius. <i>Life of Claudius</i>. 62</ref> His mother was a domineering woman, and it is believed that she manipulated her young son to advance her own interests.  The first five years of Nero’s reign were seen as generally positive. The government was in the hands of two experienced ministers, one of whom was the writer Seneca the Younger and the Burrus.<ref>Tacitus, <i>The Annals of Imperial Rome</i>, 45</ref> Agrippina the Younger vied for control of the empire with Seneca and his colleague, but they remained in control. In 55 B.C, Nero wanted to control the Empire, and he had Seneca and Burrus dismissed. Later, he killed his mother as he grew tired of her constant efforts to dominate him and control the Empire.<ref>Griffin, p 123</ref> Nero’s changed after he murdered his ancient sources. He morphed into a grotesque tyrant.

In the first-century AD the Empire Nero murdered any senator who opposed him. His personal life was at its zenithbizarre, and he married one of his male slaves. There had been peace for several decades Nero was passionate about the games, and he personally participated in the borders were relatively secureOlympic games in Greece.<ref>Suetonius, Life of Nero. 34</ref> The majority of provincials were loyal Emperor also considered himself to the Empire be first and they were increasingly Romanizedforemost an artist. The economy of the Empire was generally goodHe at first performed his work in private but then publicly performed his work in Greece. There was Nero also a great cultural flourishing and poets such as Ovid and writers such as Petronius, produced masterpieces of Latin literature that are still read to this dayacted on the stage. This was scandalized the Empire that Nero inherited.<ref> GriffinRoman elite, Miriam Twho considered actors to be a little better than prostitutes. Nero: The End sight of a Dynasty ( London: Yale University Press, 1985), p 12</ref>Nero acting was appalling to them.

===The life and reign of Nero===It is important to note that there are no surviving contemporary records of Nero was also paranoid about plots, and that many he killed anyone he suspected of the surviving accounts are possibly biasedbeing a threat. While Nero was born in 37 AD. His parents were Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, a member of one of very unpopular with the most powerful Roman families and Agrippina the Youngerelites, sister of Emperor Caligula. He he was a grant-nephew of Augustus and therefore a member of popular with the Julian-Claudian familypoor. Nero was not viewed as a future emperor at He reformed the time of his birthjudicial and taxation system and made it fairer.<ref> Suetonius, Life of Nero. 5</ref> During the reign of his uncle Caligula, his mother fell from favour also built gymnasiums and his family baths in Rome that were persecutedopen to ordinary Romans. His father died (The population of natural causes) Rome and his mother was exiled. Nero’s fortunes changed with elsewhere in the Empire revered the assassination of his uncle Caligula. Claudius became Emperor and after saw him as their protector. According to Suetonius, the emperor was ‘carried away by a disastrous marriagecraze for popularity, and he married Agrippina was jealous of all who in any way stirred the Younger, his niecefeeling of the mob.’ <ref>TacitusSuetonius. <i>Annals Life of Rome</i>Nero. 3453 </ref> She The philosopher Epictetus argued that Nero was able to persuade Claudius to make her son Nero his heir an insecure, immature, and unhappy man and he married the daughter of Claudius from his first marriage. It is widely believed that Agrippina, probably with the help of Nero poisoned Claudius. Nero became Emperor in 54 AD at the age of seventeenneeded acclaim.<ref> SuetoniusArrian. <i>Life Sayings of ClaudiusEpictetus</i>. 6256</ref> His mother, was a domineering woman and it is believed that she manipulated her young son to advance her own interests.

The first five years of Nero’s reign were seen as generally positiveNero was also a lavish builder, and some sources say that he left the treasury bankrupt. The government In contrast, others argued that his spending was in the hands part of two experienced ministers one an economic policy to revive a stagnant economy. In 66 AD, a great fire destroyed much of whom was the writer Seneca the Younger and the BurrusRome.<ref>Tacitus, <i>The Annals of Imperial Rome</i>, 4556</ref> Agrippina the Younger vied for control The cause of the empire with Seneca and his colleague but they remained in controlfire is not known. In 55 BIt may have been accidental or arson.C it seems that Elites blamed Nero wanted to control for the Empire fire, and he had Seneca and Burrus dismissed. Later he killed his mother as he grew tired was accused of her constant efforts to dominate him and control the Empire.<ref>Griffin, p 123</ref> Nero’s changed after he murdered clearing Rome for his and according to the ancient sources he morphed into grotesque tyrantbuilding projects.

By 68 AD, Nero murdered any senator who opposed him. His personal life was bizarre had begun to raise taxes, and he married one there were many reports of his male slavesgrowing discontent among the elite. Nero was passionate about While in the games east, a major Jewish Revolt and he personally participated the Romans were expelled from much of Judea. In 68 AD, Vindex in Gaul revolted but was later put down by the Olympic games in GreeceRoman legions.<ref>Tacitus. <i>The Histories</i>.45</ref>SuetoniusFinally, Life the Roman army grew weary of Neroeven though he was a member of the House of Julius Caesar and Augustus. 34</ref> The Emperor also considered himself to be first and foremost an artistHolland, Richard. He at first performed his work in private but then publicly performed his work in Greece. Nero also acted on (The Man Behind the stage. This scandalized the Roman elite who considered actors to be little better than prostitutes. The sight of Nero acting was appalling to themMyth. Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 2000), p 145 </ref>

Nero was also paranoid about plots In Spain, Galba and he killed anyone he suspected of being a threatthe Spanish legions revolted. While Nero This revolted was very unpopular with welcomed by the elites, he was popular with the poor. He reformed the judicial and taxation system and made it fairer. Nero also built gymnasiums and baths in Rome that were open to ordinary Romans. The population <ref> Suetonius. <i>Life of Galba</i>, 7</ref> Galba set sail for Rome and elsewhere in the Empire revered the Emperor and saw him as their protectorNero attempted to rally his forces. According to SuetoniusHowever, he had alienated the emperor was ‘carried away by a craze for popularity elite, and he was jealous quickly abandoned. Nero was forced to flee with some of all who in any way stirred the feeling slaves but later committed suicide. He ordered one of the mobhis slaves to cut his throat.’ <ref> Suetonius. Life of Nero. 53 </ref> The philosopher Epictetus argued that Nero was an insecure, immature and unhappy man and needed acclaim.<ref> Arrian. <i>Sayings Life of EpictetusNero</i>. 56, 54</ref> Nero remained popular with the poor, and after his death, Rome became incredibly unstable because three separate pretenders who claimed to be the Roman Emperor.

Nero was also a lavish builder and some sources say that he left the treasury bankrupt while others argued that his spending was part of an economic policy to revive a stagnant economy. In 66 AD, a great fire destroyed much of Rome.<ref>Tacitus, <i>Annals of Imperial Rome</i>, 56<dh-ad/ref> The cause of the fire is not known. It may have been accidental or arson. Elites blamed Nero for the fire and he was accused of clearing Rome for his building projects.

By 68 AD====The Year of the Four Emperors and the end of the Julian-Claudian dynasty====Nero’s reign and his death destabilized the Empire. His low tax policy, combined with his lavish spending, Nero had begun led to raise taxes an economic recession. He had also alienated the elites in Rome and there were many reports of growing discontent among the eliteelsewhere. While He had also failed to provide a strong government, as is evident in the east there was a major Jewish Revolt and the Romans had been expelled from much revolt of Judea. In 68 AD Vindex in Gaul revolted but was later put down, by and the Roman legionsJewish Revolt.<ref>Tacitus. <i>The Histories</i>. 45</ref> FinallyIn the aftermath of his death, the Roman army grew weary unlike that of Nero even though he his unstable uncle Caligula, there was a no living male member of the House of Julius Caesar and AugustusJulian-Claudian line.<ref> Holland, RichardTom. Dynasty. Nero (The Man Behind rise and fall of the Myth. Stroud: Sutton Publishinghouse of Caesar (London, Little Brown, 20002015), p 145 </ref> In Spain, Galba and the Spanish legions revolted. This revolted was welcomed by the elites in Rome.<ref> Suetonius. <i>Life of Galba</i>, 7</ref> Galba set sail for Rome and Nero attempted to rally his forces. However, he had alienated the elite and he was quickly abandoned. Nero was forced to flee with some of slaves but later committed suicide. He ordered on of his slaves to cut his throat.<ref>Suetonius, <i>Life of Nero</i>, 54347</ref> Nero remained popular with the poor and after his death Rome became incredibly unstable because three separate pretenders who claimed to be the Roman Emperor.

===The Year of the Four Emperors and the end of the Julian-Claudian dynasty===Nero’s reign and his death destabilized the Empire. His low tax policy combined with his lavish spending had led to an economic recession. He had also alienated the elites in Rome and elsewhere. He had also failed to provide strong government as is evident in the revolt of Vindex in Gaul and the Jewish Revolt. In the aftermath of his death, unlike that of his unstable uncle Caligula, there was no living male who was a member of the Julian-Claudian line <ref> Holland, Tom. Dynasty. The rise and fall of the house of Caesar (London, Little Brown, 2015), p. 347</ref>. The Julian-Claudian family had killed many of their relatives , and after the death of Nero, who had no sons, there was no legitimate claimant to the throne. This left the army as the power broker , and in the year after Nero's deaths, legions fought each other for control of the Empire.<ref> Holland, p. 349</ref> The year 69 AD is often known as the year of the ‘Four Emperors’Emperors. ’ In that year , four men, Galba, Otho, Vitellius , and Vespasian , declared themselves emperor. Vespasian emerged as the victor and established the Flavian dynasty. <ref> Holland, p. 406</ref>

Nero ended the Julian-Claudian dynasty. His death left a power vacuum which that destabilized the Empire and led to competing generals to fight fighting a series of civil wars. Nero’s reign forced the Roman army's re-emergence of the Roman army into state politics for the first time in a century. The year 69 AD was important as it showed that the army could both make and unmake an emperor.<ref> Holland, p. 412</ref>

====Nero and the Christians====Nero was the first Roman Emperor to actively persecute the small sect of Christiansactively. They had grown greatly since the crucifixion of Jesus. They had established themselves in Rome and attracted many adherents. They were not popular with other groups , and their beliefs were treated with suspicion. They were after After all self-confessed followers of Jesus who had been , they were lawfully executed by the Roman governor of Judea.<ref> Tacitus. <i>Annals of Imperial Rome.</i>Holland, 67.</ref> In 69 AD, a great fire swept through Rome and caused general unrest in the city. Nero accused Christians of starting the fire to shift blame away from himself. <ref> Holland, p. 334</ref> According to Tacitus, he was very eager to quell rumours that he was responsible for the fire ‘ consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called "Christians" by the populace.’<ref>Tacitus. <i>The Annals of Imperial Rome.</i>Holland, 15, 44</ref> Nero established a precedent whereby an Emperor could declare the Christians to be public enemies. Nero’s and later persecutions were to shape the nature of Christianity but it did not stop its spread. The many martyrs created by the persecutions only strengthened the faith and it eventually became the state religion of the Empire in the later 4th century AD.

According to Tacitus, he was very eager to quell rumors that he was responsible for the fire ‘ consequently, to get rid of the report, Nero fastened the guilt and inflicted the most exquisite tortures on a class hated for their abominations, called "Christians" by the populace.’<ref>Tacitus. <i>The Annals of Imperial Rome.</i>Holland, 15, 44</ref> Nero established a precedent whereby an Emperor could declare the Christians to be public enemies. Nero’s and later persecutions were to shape Christianity's nature, but it did not stop its spread. The many martyrs created by the persecutions only strengthened the faith, and it eventually became the state religion of the Empire in the later 4th century AD. ====Nero’s policies in the East====

Nero was a far more active Emperor than many gave him credit for at the time and since. He was particularly interested in the East. Still, his record -was mixed. Nero attempted to permanently annex the Bosphoran Kingdom in the Crimea but his successors reversed this and were content to have it as a client kingdom. Nero fought a war with Parthia. He appointed a commoner to lead the Roman armies and he managed to inflict several defeats on the Parthians.<ref> Suetonius. Life of Nero. 43</ref>  Nero was able to turn turned the strategic kingdom of Armenia into a client kingdom and this , which allowed him to secure the borders with Parthia. He also obliged the Parthians to hand over some legion ‘eagles’ or standards that had been captured. Nero’ s Nero’s success against the Parthians meant that the Eastern frontier was at peace for several decades.<ref> Tacitus. The Annals of Imperial Rome, 56</ref>  However, during his reign, Judea's administration was poor and contributed to the great Jewish Revolt (66-71 AD). The Jews believed Nero was a ‘tyrant.’<ref>, Josephus. <i>History of the Jewish War</i>, ii</ref> Perhaps his most lasting legacy was his generally pro-Greek policies in the Eastern half of the Empire. He granted ‘liberties’ to many Greek cities in the eastern portion of his empire. This led them to become economically successful and culturally vibrant. <ref> Holland, p. 324</ref> This partly explains why, unlike the west that the east did not succumb to Romanization but remained very much influenced by Hellenic culture. Later emperors such as Hadrian imitated Nero’s policies towards the Greek cities.

====Conclusion====Nero is regarded as either a mad or outright evil Emperor. He was undoubtedly cruel and committed many crimes. However, during his reign he was also an important figure in the administration history of Judea Rome. Nero was poor and contributed to the great Jewish Revolt (66-71 AD). The Jewish historian stated that the Jews believed him first Emperor to be a ‘tyrant.’<ref> Josephus. <i>History of the Jewish War</i>persecute Christians, ii</ref> Perhaps and many other Emperors were to follow his most lasting legacy was his generally pro-Greek policies in the Eastern half of the Empireexample. He granted ‘liberties’ to many Greek cities also had some successes in the eastern portion of his empire. This led them to become economically successful and culturally vibrant. <ref> Hollandeast, p. 324</ref> This partly explains why unlike especially against the west that the east Parthians, and he did not succumb much to Romanization but remained very much influenced by promote Hellenic culture. Later emperors such as Hadrian imitated Nero’s policies towards in the Greek citieseastern provinces.

===Conclusion===Nero is regarded as either a mad or outright evil Emperor. He was undoubtedly cruel and committed many crimes. However, he was also an important figure in the history of Rome. Nero was the first Emperor to persecute Christians and many other Emperors were to follow his example. He also had some successes in the east especially against the Parthians and he did much to promote Hellenic culture in the eastern provinces. He was the last of the Julian-Claudian dynasty , and his death led to a series of bloody civil wars. This period of instability led to the army determining who should be emperor. This was one of the most important legacies of Nero , the re-emergence of the legions as a political force, something that Augustus and his heirs had prevented for several decades.

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