Changes

What is different from many other powers that developed spying services is the relatively short history of the US. The experiences, therefore, are different in how they have influenced government's approach to spying. One of the first spy groups derived prior to the American Revolutionary War in 1765. The Sons of Liberty formed as a group that fought against the Stamp Act and would observe British troop movements in Boston and other places. This group included well known revolutionaries such as Samuel Adams and John Hancock. During the Revolutionary War, George Washington was one of the first to write and recognize the need for espionage. Threats to the colonists/revolutionaries, and eventual early US military, were from Britain. War espionage depended on a network of spies throughout different areas, where Washington wanted to stay one step ahead of the pursuing British Army. This included using Native Americans , who were adept at secretive observation observations that Washington had first hand firsthand experience with during the French and Indian War. Washington also used a cryptanalyst Samuel West to read secretive letters. Double agents were also used by the British to counter Washington, such as Dr. Benjamin Church who fed important information about the revolutionaries.<ref>For more on spying during the American Revolutionary War, see: Sulick, Michael J. 2014. <i>Spying in America: Espionage from the Revolutionary War to the Dawn of the Cold War</i>. Georgetown University Press.</ref>

Benjamin Franklin (Figure 1) was placed in charge of the Committee of Secret Correspondence, which worked to change sentiment about the Revolution in European states so that the revolutionaries would gain increasing support. His most successful efforts were with the French, who ultimately helped aid the revolutionaries in fighting the British. This proved crucial in helping turning to turn the tide, where French troops and aid greatly helped the revolutionaries to successfully fight.<ref>For more on Benjamin Franklin's work during the war, see: Isaacson, Walter. 2004. <i>Benjamin Franklin: An American Life</i>. New York, NY: Simon & Schuster Paperbacks.</ref>

After the war, American spying took a downturn as the country was preoccupied with building the young country. In fact, the US was ill prepared for the war War of 1812, where US soldiers were often unaware even where the frontier with Canada was even located. It was the Civil War where things changed once again. The North, in the Civil War, developed a network of spies who were able to cross between the borders with the South, including using such individuals as William Alvin Lloyd. The North also developed two spying agencies, including one run by Allan Pinkerton and another run by Lafayette Baker. There was two due to infighting between generals and Lincoln's cabinet who depended on the different spy headsspymasters. This often lead to information not being shared and sometimes counterproductive efforts that sometimes even led to the arrest of spies working for the other agency. There were some notable successes in troop movement observations, but often the information did not have a clear chain where the intelligence could be used for actionable purposes. The South , on the other hand, had some notable successes, often creating an elaborate network in major northern cities. The most successful group was the so-called Canadian Cabinet, which ran a Southern spy network from Montreal. It is likely John Wilkes Booth, Lincoln's assassin, derived from this group. They also succeeded in several sabotage operations and creating fires in major cities that disrupted Northern cities.<ref>For more on US spying between the Revolutionary War and the Civil War, see: Mickolus, Edward F. 2015. <i>The Counterintelligence Chronology: Spying by and against the United States from the 1700s through 2014</i>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.</ref>