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==Introduction==[[File: Hw-ivan4.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Ivan IV from a contemporary print]]__NOTOC__Ivan the Terrible is one of the best-known Russian Tsars and is commonly regarded as one of the cruelest men in history. He has been portrayed countless times in books and movies. However, the legend that is Ivan the Terrible often obscured the historical leader, who was one of the most important figures in the Russia's history of Russia. He may have been mentally unstable and a brutal autocrat but he was a brilliant leader who modernized Russia and who also laid the foundations for the later Russian Empire. This article discusses the impact of Ivan the Terrible on Russia. It analyses his impact on the development of Russia as a state and as an Empire. The piece also discusses Ivan’s policy failures and tyranny which were to have very negative consequences for the Russian people. [[File: Hw-ivan4.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Ivan IV from a contemporary print]]==Background==Russia had been conquered by the Mongols in the 13th century and for many years they imposed a tribute system on the Russian princes. The Golden Horde as the Mongols were known dominated, Russia from their bases in Crimea and in the South of Russia. These years changed Russia and its culture. By the 15th century, the Khanate of the Golden Horde had broken up after a massive defeat by Tamerlane. However, the successor states of the Golden Horde dominated much of modern Russia. The weakening of the Mongols allowed the state of Moscow to emerge. Under a succession of Grand Princes the State of Muscovy, members of the Rurik Dynasty had been able to expand mostly at the expense of the descendants of the Mongols, the Tartars<ref> Madariaga, Isabel de. Ivan the Terrible. First Tsar of Russia. (New Haven; London: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 56</ref>. The state of Muscovy, centered on Moscow was in a precarious strategic position it was bordered by Tartars Khanates to the south and east. To the west was the huge kingdom of Poland-Lithuania. However, the State of Muscovy was able to command a large territory that was rich in resources and a large army. Under successive able Grand Princes’ it had dominates the other Russian princedoms and city-states such as Novgorod. However, many of these princes only were technically part of the state of Muscovy and the hereditary nobility often opposed the will of the Grand Princes and even intrigued with his many enemies. It was widely believed that the nobles or Boyars poisoned Ivan’s father and his mother the queen regent. The only national institution in the Russian lands was the Orthodox Church. At the time of Ivan’s birth, Muscovy was a sprawling but fragmented entity that covered large areas of central Russia.

==The reign of Ivan the Terrible==The early life of Ivan was harsh. The regency was passed among the feuding nobility and the young boy and his brother often went hungry they were so neglected. It was at this time that Ivan developed a hatred for the nobility. At the age of sixteen, he was crowned and he took the title Tsar of all the Russia’s. This claim at the time was ludicrous as Ivan and Moscow were very weak. Ivan despite his youth proved to be a capable administrator. He rebuilt Moscow after a fire. He introduced the first parliament, found a standing army, known as the Streltzi, reformed the Church may have been mentally unstable and stamped out many clerical abuses<ref> Madariaga, p. 23</ref>. Ivan was also a modernizer and he introduced the printing press into Russia. Howeverbrutal autocrat, but he was concerned about the mobility of the peasantry and was the first to introduce a series of regulations that limited their freedoms and tied them to the lands. Ivan also introduced a measure of self-government into lands that had been recently colonized by peasants to encourage colonization of virgin territories. Ivan also sought to develop trade links with western Europe and in order to win allies in the west he once proposed to Elizabeth I. The first years of Ivan’s reign were marked by reforms and peace. However, this was to change and many have even claimed that this was a result of some undiagnosed mental health issues. More likely the drastic change in Ivan’s policies was due to external and internal threats. In the 1560s, brilliant leader who modernized Russia was involved in several wars and a drought caused widespread famine. There were rumors of revolt and conspiracies. Ivan decided that he needed to strengthen his position, especially against laid the Boyars. He found foundations for the Oprichnina a military and a police force that was soon given free reign against Ivan’s many real and imagined enemies. There were several waves of persecution launched by the Oprichninalater Russian Empire. This involved mass arrests and executions mainly of Boyars and their supporters. The Oprichnina greatly extend article discusses the hold impact of Ivan over the hereditary nobility but its members increasingly enriched themselves and became a ‘state within a state’Terrible on Russia. Later Ivan disbanded the force in 1572. The Tsar became increasingly paranoid, especially after the death of It analyses his beloved wife and he suspected impact on the city development of Novgorod was going to betray him<ref>Bobrick, Benson. Ivan the Terrible. (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1990), p. 156</ref>. He attacked the city Russia as a state and had it sacked in as an orgy of bloodshed and brutality that lasted weeks. Soon Ivan IV had earned the name ‘The Terrible’Empire. The Tsar throughout much of his reign was engaged in wars with the various Khanates to the south and the east. In a series of wars, he conquered of forced the submission of three Muslim Khanates. He not only vastly increased the extent of the territory of Muscovy he piece also turned it into a multi-faith and a multi-ethnic state. In effect, Ivan IV had founded a new Russian Empire. Despite being a devout Orthodox Christian Ivan pursued a discusses Ivan’s policy of toleration towards his many Muslim subjects. For many years Ivan was involved in a brutal war to the west, this was the Livonian War<ref> Bobrick, p. 114</ref>. It was an attempt by Russia to expand to the Baltic Sea failures and this involved it in a series of wars with Swedentyranny, Denmark, and Poland among others. The war was inconclusive. During Ivan's reign, Russia started the exploration and colonization of Siberia. In 1555, shortly after the conquest of Kazan, the Tartar Khan in western Siberia pledged allegiance which were to Ivan. He failed to pay tribute and Ivan engineered his downfall. This left a power vacuum in the region and the Tsar instead of establishing another tributary state in Siberia, decided that he would rule it directly. In 1558 Ivan gave the Stroganov merchant family the patent have very tragic consequences for colonizing an area east of the UralsRussian people. They built many forts and later hired Cossacks to protect their lands. The Tartars had by then established another Khanate in Siberia <ref>Bobrick, p. 116</ref>. The Cossack leader in 1580 began the conquest of Siberia and he forced many local tribes to pay tribute to Moscow. Later Ivan sent a large force of Streltsi or members of his army to assist in the conquest. By 1590 Ivan was also calling himself Tsar of Siberia. Ivan died of a stroke while playing chess and he was succeeded by his middle son Feodor. Russia at the time of his death was at the strongest it had in several centuries. [[File: Siege of Kazan (Pyotr Korovin, 1890).jpeg|200px|thumb|left|Ivan the Terrible at the siege of Kazan]]

 ====Background==Ivan and the Orthodox Church==Ivan was The Mongols had conquered Russia in the 13th century, and for many years they imposed a deeply religious mantribute system on the Russian princes. He reformed The Golden Horde, as the Mongols were known dominated, Russia from their bases in Crimea and the Church South of Russia. These years changed Russia and introduced a unified liturgy for its culture. By the 15th century, the Khanate of the first timeGolden Horde had broken up after Tamerlane's massive defeat. He also did However, the successor states of the Golden Horde dominated much to ensure that of modern Russia. The weakening of the Mongols allowed the Patriarch state of Moscow was to emerge. Under a succession of Grand Princes, members of the leading prelate in Russian lands. This was partly inspired by religious belief but also by political necessity as Rurik Dynasty, the Orthodox Church could help State of Muscovy, had been able to unify expand mostly at the far-flung and diverse lands expense of Russiathe Mongols' descendants, often known as the Tartars.<ref> TroyatMadariaga, HenriIsabel de. <i>Ivan the Terrible. First Tsar of Russia</i>. (New YorkHaven; London: Buccaneer BooksYale University Press, 19882005), p. 21656</ref>  By the mid-sixteenth century, Muscovy, centered on Moscow, was in a precarious strategic position. The Tsar ensured that Tartar Khanates bordered it to the south and east. To the west was the massive kingdom of Poland-Lithuania. However, the Church State of Muscovy was tightly controlled able to command a vast territory rich in resources and he appointed a large army. Under successive able Grand Princes’ it had dominates the Patriarchsother Russian princedoms and city-states such as Novgorod. Like everything else in Russia However, many of these princes only were technically part of Muscovy, and the Orthodox Church hereditary nobility often opposed the will of the Grand Princes and even intrigued with his many enemies. It was tightly controlled widely believed that the nobles or Boyars poisoned Ivan’s father and while it his mother, the queen regent. At the time of Ivan’s birth, Muscovy was a sprawling but fragmented entity covering large areas of central Russia. ====The reign of Ivan the Terrible====[[File: Siege of Kazan (Pyotr Korovin, 1890).jpeg|300px|thumb|left|Ivan the Terrible at the siege of Kazan]]The early life of Ivan was enriched it harsh. His regency was very much subordinated to passed among the feuding nobility. Ivan and his brother often went hungry and were neglected. During this time, Ivan developed hatred and distrust for the nobility.  At the wishes age of sixteen, he was crowned, and he took the title Tsarof all Russia. The His claim to Tsar saw himself of all Russia was absurd because both Ivan's and Moscow's political power were non-existent. Ivan, despite his youth, proved to be a capable administrator. He rebuilt Moscow after a fire. He introduced the first parliament, founded a standing army known as God’s deputy on Earth the Streltzi, reformed the Church, and stamped out many clerical abuse cases.<ref> Madariaga, p. 23</ref> Ivan was also a modernizer and that introduced the printing press into Russia. However, he could interfere with was concerned about the peasantry's mobility and was the Church first to launch a series of regulations that limited their freedoms and shape it tied them to his willthe lands. Despite this Ivan was also introduced a great patron measure of self-government into areas that had been recently colonized by peasants to encourage the Church colonization of virgin territories. Ivan also sought to develop trade links with western Europe and win allies in the west he build once proposed to Elizabeth I.  Reforms and peace marked the first years of Ivan's reign. However, this was to change, and many magnificent Churches have even claimed that this resulted from some undiagnosed mental health issues. More likely, the drastic change in Ivan’s policies was due to external and Cathedralsinternal threats. In the 1560s, Russia was involved in several wars, and drought caused widespread famine. There were rumors of revolt and conspiracies. Ivan decided that he needed to strengthen his position, especially against the Boyars. He also commissioned found the Oprichnina a military and a police force that was soon given free rein against Ivan’s many religious Artworks real and imagined enemies. There were several waves of persecution launched by the Oprichnina. This involved mass arrests and executions, mainly of Boyars and their supporters. The Oprichnina significantly extended Ivan's hold over the hereditary nobility, but its members increasingly enriched themselves and became a ‘state within a state.’  Later, Ivan disbanded the force in 1572. The Tsar became increasingly paranoid, especially after his beloved wife's death, and he suspected the city of Novgorod was going to betray him.<ref>Bobrick, Benson. <i>Ivan the Terrible</i>. (Edinburgh: Canongate Books, 1990), p. 156</ref> He attacked the city and had it sacked in an orgy of bloodshed and brutality that lasted weeks. Soon Ivan IV had earned the name ‘The Terrible.’ Throughout much of his reign, the first Tsar was engaged in wars with the various Khanates to have the south and the east. In a series of wars, he conquered of forced the submission of three Muslim Khanates. Ivan not only vastly increased the extent of the territory of Muscovy, but he transformed it into a multi-faith and a multi-ethnic state.  In effect, Ivan IV had founded a new Russian Empire. Despite being a devout Orthodox bible printedChristian, Ivan pursued a policy of toleration towards his numerous Muslim subjects. For many years, Ivan was involved in a brutal war to shape the nature west, called the Livonian War.<ref> Bobrick, p. 114</ref> Ivan sought to expand Russia to the Baltic Sea and led to a series of wars with Sweden, Denmark, and Poland, among others. The wars were inconclusive.  During Ivan's reign, Russia started the exploration and colonization of Siberia. In 1555, shortly after Kazan's conquest, the role Tartar Khan in western Siberia pledged allegiance to Ivan. He failed to pay tribute, and Ivan engineered his downfall. Instead of establishing another tributary state in Siberia, Ivan decided that he would rule it directly.  In 1558 Ivan gave the Orthodox Church Stroganov merchant family the patent for colonizing an area east of the Urals. They built many forts and later hired Cossacks to protect their lands. The Tartars had by then established another Khanate in Siberia.<ref>Bobrick, p. 116</ref> The Cossack leader in 1580 began the conquest of Siberia, and he forced many local tribes to pay tribute to Moscow. Later, Ivan sent a large force of Streltsi or his army members to assist in the conquest. By 1590 Ivan was also calling himself Tsar of Siberia. Ivan died of a stroke while playing chess and his middle son Feodor succeeded him. Russia, at the time of his death, was at the strongest it had in several centuries.  <dh-ad/> ====Ivan and the Orthodox Church====

Ivan was a deeply religious man. He reformed the Church and introduced a unified liturgy. He also did much to ensure that the Patriarch of Moscow was the leading prelate in Russian lands. This was partly inspired by religious belief, and political necessity as the Orthodox Church could help unify the far-flung and diverse lands of Russia.<ref> Troyat, Henri. <i>Ivan the Terrible</i>. New York: Buccaneer Books, 1988), p. 216</ref> The Tsar ensured that the Church was tightly controlled, and he appointed the Patriarchs. Like everything else in Russia, the Orthodox Church was tightly controlled, and while it was enriched, it was very much subordinated to the Tsar's wishes. The Tsar saw himself as God’s deputy on Earth and that he could interfere with the Church and shape it to his will. Despite this, Ivan was a great patron of the Church, and he builds many magnificent Churches and Cathedrals. He also commissioned many religious Artworks and was the first Tsar to have the Orthodox bible printed. Ivan was to shape the nature and the role of the Orthodox Church for many centuries.  ====Concept of Tsar====Ivan was the first true Russian Tsar , and this was possibly his greatest achievement. Ivan believed in the divine right of Kings. This Russian inherited this idea was inherited by Russian from the Byzantine tradition. However, Ivan was the first in many centuries to really seek to ensure that he did actually reign as God’s deputy and was unquestioningly obeyed.<ref>Hunt, Priscilla. "Ivan IV's Personal Mythology of Kingship,", <i>Slavic Review</i>, Vol. 52, No. 4. (Winter, 1993), pp. 769–809. </ref> This does much to explain his apparent unlimited cruelty. He saw himself as an instrument of divine punishment who , which was punishing sinners. In fact, he He believed that by punishing them terribly in this life , he may might have been saving their souls. Ivan’s concept of the role of the Tsar was very influential. A Tsar was expected to be an autocrat and was entitled to order cruel punishments. Furthermore, furthermore there will was be a law. He made autocracy central to the Russian state. The authoritarian ideas of Tsar Ivan IV promoted a political culture in Russia that accepted and even welcomed autocracy , and this has arguably continued up to the present. Moreover, his use of terror tactics to stay in power were was emulated by many subsequent rulers , including Peter the Great and Stalin. There are undoubted similarities between the Ivan's persecution of Ivan and the ‘purges under Stalin in the 1930s’ 1930s.’<ref>Perrie, Maureen. <i>The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia </i> (New York: Palgrave, 2001), p. 115</ref>. ====Conquests== Conquest==Ivan changed the nature of the Russian army and was the first Tsar to establish a standing army. This was to revolutionize the strategic situation and directly lead to a series of conquest. Ivan was the first to introduce western military technology into Russia and this , which was one of his greatest innovations. Tsar Ivan IV was one of the greatest conquerors of his era. His professional army was able to conquer several Khanates.  These Muslim kingdoms had terrorised terrorized Russia for many centuries , and they had frequently raid raided the territory of Muscovy. These were often highly organized slave raids , and many thousands of Russians often usually ended up in the slave markets of Astrakhan. The conquests of Ivan ended this and allowed the Russian lands to develop in relative peace. Furthermore, the annexation of the Khanates turned Russian into a huge Empire.  For the first time since the Mongol invasion , one Russian Slavic Ruler was the dominant political figure in the region , and this has not changed to this date. Despite his reputation for brutality , Ivan was actually quite tolerant , and the many Muslims in his Empire soon came to accept his rule and became integrated into his state .<ref> Troyatt, p. 234</ref>. Then there was his colonisation colonization and conquest of Siberia and this , which allowed Russia to expand to the east and to exploit the many resources that changed the nature of Russia forever. It turned the new Russian Empire into a transcontinental power and both a European and an Asian power. The resources of Siberia were to help to turn Russia into a truly great power. Ivan’s military campaigns were not always successful , and he made no significant gains in the west. However, an important trade and cultural contacts were established that were important necessary for the Russian Empire's future development of the Russian Empire.  ====The great failures of Ivan====The Tsar’s ambitious plans and policies had exhausted Russia. The population had suffered greatly , and the army could not recruit sufficient soldiers , and the treasury was almost empty. Russia was a mighty power , but it was also almost bankrupt and weak. After the death of Ivan, he was succeeded by his ineffectual son Feodor. Ivan had killed his heir in a fit of rage , and this was to prove disastrous. Tsar Feodor was incompetent and was to die childless , and this ended the Rurik Dynasty. The instability produced by an uncertain royal succession and a crippled economy resulted in internal instability , which was soon exploited by Russia’s neighbors. This became known as the ‘Time of Troubles’ when the Russian Empire almost collapsed . <ref> Troyatt, p. 314</ref>. The state was only saved by the emergence of the Romanov Dynastyonly saved the state. Many historians have argued that the root causes of the Time of Troubles were was a result of Ivan’s policies.  ====The impact of Ivan on Russia====The achievements of Ivan are truly great. He developed a modern Russian state and laid the foundations for a great Empire. However, this had all come at a terrible cost. He had ended the threat to Russia from the Muslim Khanates and had developed a modern state apparatus. Ivan had reformed the Orthodox Church and was also a patron of the arts. He began the colonisation colonization of Siberia, a region that helped to turn Russia in later centuries into a global power. However, countless suffered because of his savagery , and his wars and schemes bankrupted the state and weakened Russia. He also established and elaborated the concept of an autocracy that was used by successive Tsars and even Communists to justify their power and which lead , leading to many centuries of the repressive government in Russia. Ivan transformed Russia , and his achievements , both negative and positive , continue to shape Russia to this day, even in Putin's era. <div class="portal" style="width:85%;">====Related DailyHistory.org Articles====*[[How did Vladimir Lenin Rise To Power?]]*[[Why was Germany defeated at the First Battle of the era Marne (1914)]]*[[Origins of Putin.World War One - Top Ten Booklist]]*[[Why did Germany not achieve victory at Verdun in 1916?]]</div> ====Reference====<references/> {{Contributors}}[[Category:Wikis]][[Category:Russian History]] [[Category:History of the Middle Ages]]