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According to statistics given at the Southern States Convention in 1871, approximately 1600 murders had taken place in Georgia alone since Reconstruction began. In total, the number of murders across the entire South was 20,000; the victims being free blacks and their white allies.<ref>Herbert Shapiro, “Afro-American Responses to Race Violence During Reconstruction”, ''Science and Society'' 36, no.2 (summer, 1972): 158, http://www.jstor.org/pss/40401634</ref> One act of mass violence took place in Louisiana in July 1866. Radical Republicans of that state recalled their delegates to meet at the statehouse with the goal of enfranchising black men. The delegates and their supporters were attacked by a group of white men, many of whom were wearing their Confederate uniforms. Federal troops were brought in to quell the violence but not before 146 people were wounded and 37 killed, 34 of which were black and the other three were white radicals.<ref>Louisiana State Museum, “Riot of 1866," http://www.lsm.crt.state.la.us/cabildo/cab11.htm</ref>It was clear that the new state governments enabled by President Johnson were either unwilling or incapable of preventing violence against blacks and their supporters. In 1865 and 1866, the courts in Texas indicted 500 white men for the murder of black citizens; there were zero convictions.<ref>Eric Foner, ''A Short History of Reconstruction, 1863-1877'' (New York: Harper&Row, 1990), 85.</ref>