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==Introduction==__NOTOC__[[File:82nd_Grave.jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|82nd Airborne Division dropped near Grave]]Operation Market Garden, launched in September 1944, was an unsuccessful Allied offensive mainly, fought in the Netherlands. It was the largest airborne operation in history up to that time. The operation was a daring one , and it was the brainchild of the British General Bernard Montgomery. His This operation was even the subject of the 1977 star-studded movie <i>[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0792839730/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0792839730&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=9a43d7d4c531bad29c0c0e65b6ce2267 A Bridge Too Far]</i> directed by Richard Attenborough. He intended the airborne offensive to allow the allies to break into the German heartland and to end the war, quickly. However, this was not the case, the . The allied offensive was to prove to be a costly failure and may have even delayed their victory in Europe. This article will discuss the reasons for the failure of the Why did this operation and they will be fail? Was it Montgomery's over-optimistic planning, poor strategy, intelligence failures, poor leadership, German resistance and , or the weather.terrain?

== Why were the Allied advances grinding to half before Market Garden? ==[[File: Montgomery E010786478-v8.jpg|thumbnail|200px250px|left|General Bernard Montgomery (1944)]]The Allies had landed in Normandy on the 6th of June 1944. After establishing several beachheads in Normandy, the Allies managed to push forward into the Normandy countryside.<ref>Harclerode, Peter, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0297846825/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0297846825&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=4d838669f1b185bdbb1d8898e27add71 Wings Of War: Airborne Warfare 1918–1945]'' (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005), p. 45</ref> The Germans initially managed to slow the Allies advance. However, a brilliant piece of Allied strategy resulted in the encirclement of a large part of the German army in the Falaise Pocket.

==Background==The Allies had landed in Normandy on the 6th of June 1944. After establishing several beach heads in Normandy, the Allies managed to push forward into the Normandy countryside<ref> Harclerode, Peter , Wings Of War: Airborne Warfare 1918–1945 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 2005), p. 45</ref>. The Germans initially managed to slow the Allies advance, however, a brilliant piece of Allied strategy, resulted in the encirclement of a large part of the Nazi army, in the Falaise Pocket. The combined Anglo-American divisions inflicted huge losses on the Germans. The German army was forced into a headlong retreat. Paris was soon retaken by the Allies.<ref>Harcerode, p. 46 </ref>. The Nazi German army was practically forced out of France and retreated towards Alsace-Lorraine and Belgium. It seemed to many that the Allies were on the verge of invading German , and some even spoke optimistically of ending the war by Christmas. However, in truth, the Allied successes had brought its own problems. In truth, the Allies supply lines were overstretched and that this was slowing down the Americans and British in particular, the shortage of oil meant that Patton’s armored divisions had to halt their advance. This was to prove crucial and it allowed the Germans to regroup in the west, when it appeared that they would disintegrate, leading to the end of the war<ref> Burgett, Donald. The Road to Arnhem: A Screaming Eagle in Holland. Dell Publishing, NY, 2001), p. 9</ref>.

==Reasons for Market Garden==By the Autumn of 1944However, in truth, it was apparent to the Allied High Command that the Germans successes had managed to retrieve brought their own problems. The Allies' supply lines were overstretched, slowing down the situation Americans and would offer stiff resistance to any future Allied offensiveBritish in particular. In the Autumn The shortage of 1944, a British assault failed oil meant that Patton’s armored divisions had to take the deep water port of Antwerp and had allowed some 80,000 German troops from Scheldt Estuaryhalt their advance. This became known as the ‘Great Mistake’ and was perhaps one of the biggest in the entire war <ref> Burgettto prove crucial, p. 37</ref>. The Allied high command was reluctant to attack and it allowed the Germans from eastern France, as to regroup in the Nazi government had constructed a massive line of defense, consisting of fortresses, on their border with Germanywest when it appeared that they would disintegrate, this was known as the Siegfried Line. The British and the Americans had leading to go through the Low Countries to invade Germany and to end of the war.<ref> RyanBurgett, Cornelius, A Bridge Too Far (Wordsworth Editions, London, 1999), pDonald. ''[https://www.amazon. 78<com/gp/product/0440236339/ref>. =as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0440236339&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=bc9650521b3cdf40b8caa8cfdffa4396 The Allies believed that they would need an innovative plan Road to break the German frontline in the Low Countries and Arnhem: A Screaming Eagle in Alsace-LorraineHolland]''. General Eisenhower and other leaders turned their attention to the Low Countries. It offered them ports which could be used to re-supply the Allied divisions(Dell Publishing, NY, who still were reliant on the Normandy ports for their supplies. The more forward thinking of the allied strategists became concerned about the Rhine<ref> Ryan2001), p. 469</ref>. This would form a formidable natural barrier to any Allied advance and the Low Countries could allow the Allies bridges that would allow them to cross the Rhine and in turn enable them to cross into Northern Germany and then onto Berlin. The American and the British governments became increasingly eager to end the War in Europe and they wanted to turn their attention to the Pacific War. Then the western allies believed that they were in a race to Berlin with the Soviet Army. Many wanted to secure as much territory in Europe to prevent them from falling into Communist hands who would presumably set up puppet governments in these areas.

==What was the rationale for Market Garden? ==[[File: Arnhem.jpg|thumbnail|200px325px|left|British prisoners taken at Arnhemduring Operation Market Garden]] ==Montgomery Strategy==The allies needed to break By the Germans and cross the Rhine in the Low Countries. General Bernard Montgomery, the hero Autumn of the British victory at EL Alamein1944, proposed a daring plan. Field Marshal Montgomery’s goal, as recounted in his memoirs it was apparent to invade Germany by securing the bridges over Allied High Command that the Lower Rhine in the Netherlands<ref> Montgomery, Bernard Law. Normandy to the Baltic (Hutchinson & Co. London, 1947), p. 157</ref>. This Germans had several advantages such as by-passing the Siegfried Line. Montgomery wanted an airborne assault in the Netherlands to secure key bridges over the Lower Rhine. This would allow the Allies to enter into the Northern German plains, where there were no natural barriers, to their advance to Berlin <ref>Burgett, p. 117</ref>. Montgomery’s plan was initially more ambitious but he scaled back his plans in response managed to Eisenhower’s criticism. Montgomery proposed retrieve the following that airborne units would be dropped behind the German lines to secure the bridges over the Meuse situation and the two tributaries of the Rhine. The airborne units would hold the bridges until the British army reached the bridges. Montgomery believed that not only would this airborne operation succeed in securing bridges over the Rhine, but result in the retreat of German Divisions into Germany. The Allied High Command agreed offer stiff resistance to the plan. Montgomery staked his reputation on the strategy and was backed by Churchill. The any future offensive was to be called Market Garden. The Market part of the plan involved the airborne aspect of the operation <ref>Montgomery, p. 113</ref>. The operation would involve four airborne divisions. The paratroopers would land in the area by gliders or they would parachute into the target zones. Some 50,000 troops were involved and they would also be supplied with some light artillery. They were AmericanIn August 1944, a British and Polish units involved. The ‘Garden’ part of the plan would involve several British Armored Divisions moving into the Netherlands assault failed to link up with the paratroopers take Antwerp's deepwater port and to secure the bridges had allowed some 80,000 German troops from any German counterattackScheldt Estuary. According to Montgomery, for This became known as the strategy to have worked it ‘Great Mistake’ and was dependent on two things, the quick capture perhaps one of all the bridges by biggest in the Allies and the ground forces linking with the paratroopers, within daysentire war.<ref>MontgomeryBurgett, p. 11837</ref>.

The Allied high command was reluctant to attack the Germans from eastern France, as the German government had constructed a massive line of defenses, consisting of fortresses, to protect their western border. This was known as the Siegfried Line. The British and the Americans had to go through the Low Countries to invade Germany and end the war.<ref> Ryan, Cornelius, ''[[Filehttps:British paratroopers in Oosterbeek//www.amazon.jpg|thumbnail|200px|British paratroopers at Arnhem com/gp/product/0684803305/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0684803305&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=a59f073c4b3bf60e27b95e4efd51292c A Bridge Too Far]'' (1944Wordsworth Editions, London, 1999)]], p. 78</ref>

==The Battle== Operation Market Garden began on the 17th of September 1944. It was a coordinated action by American, British a Polish Airborne and mainly British forces. The operation began with heavy air raids, in order governments became increasingly eager to weaken any resistance. The paratroopers began landing at 13.00hrs around targets end the war in the Netherlands, chiefly Eindhoven, Arnhem Europe and Nijmegen<ref> Devlin, Gerard M.. Paratrooper: The Saga Of Parachute And Glider Combat Troops During World War II. Robson Books, NY, 1979), p. 117</ref>. The paratroopers had the advantage of surprise and they achieved wanted to turn their objectives. The Germans had been taken completely by surprise. The initial phase of the operation was a total success. It had been feared that the Germans would blow up the bridges and this would mean that attention to the plan would have to be abortedPacific Theater. The rapid capture of the bridges meant western allies believed that the ground forces would be able to reach the landing zones, and support the paratroopers <ref>Devlin, p. 119</ref>. The British ground forces fought their way to Nijmegen and captured the city, after some fierce fighting. One after another the bridges they were captured by the British Ground forces. The plan appeared in a race to be going to plan despite heavier than anticipated German resistance. The most important bridge was Arnhem, this was Berlin with the most strategically significant bridge and it had to be seized by the ground forces if Market Garden was to succeed in its objectives. The British paratroopers had captured the bridge but they soon came under fierce attack from units of the crack 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions<ref> Hastings, Max, Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45 (London: Pan BooksSoviet Army, 2004), p.123</ref>. The SS had armor and tanks they pounded the British paratroopers mercilessly. The British paratroopers soon found themselves surrounded as the SS had encircled them. The lightly armed British soldiers fought bravely, but they could did not hold out for long. An elite British unit, want the Irish Guards, was fighting its way forward Red Army to help the airborne troops. However, because of the terrain they had to fight their way up to Arnhem on a road capture all Germany and they were constantly attacked. This road came to be known as the Highway to Hell. The tanks of the Guards could not leave the ground as the ground was very marshy and much of turn it was bog land. As the Irish Guards made their way to Arnhem they were easily picked off by the Germans, who attacked them from the cover of woodland, and they suffered heavy casualties. Eventually, such was the ferocity of the resistance that they came to into a halt. The paratroopers at Arnhem were isolated and cut-off, were forced to surrender. Operation Market Garden had achieved all client state of its objectives, but the most important one, the capture of the Bridge at Arnhem<ref>Hastings, p. 135</ref>Moscow.

==Montgomery’s Optimistic PlanningWhat was Montgomery's Strategy for Operation Market Garden? ==Even before the start of the operation, many feared that Montgomery’s plan was too optimistic[[File:British paratroopers in Oosterbeek. jpg|thumbnail|250px|left|British paratroopers at Arnhem (1944) during Operation Market Garden]]The commander of allies needed to break the Polish airborne unit declared that the plan was flawed Germans' resistance and famously stated that cross the prime objective of the offensive Rhine in the Arnhem Bridge was ‘a bridge too far’<ref> Ryan, p 89</ref>. He meant that Montgomery’s aims were simply too ambitious and that he was asking too much of his menLow Countries. General Bernard Montgomery also assumed that , the paratroop unit could retain their landing zones and hero of the bridges for a given period of time. Paratroops were only lightly armed and without support from ground troops and tanks they could hold out for long. The British Generalvictory at El Alamein, was wrong to believe that airborne troops could resist assault from ground troops supported by armor for proposed a period of daysdaring plan. Crucially MontgomeryAs recounted in his memoirs, failed to understand the terrain that he expected his men to fight in. The roads in the Netherlands were narrow and that the ground around them was unsuitable for armor. This field Marshal Montgomery’s goal was a fundamental error- Montgomery had simply assumed that his tanks could make their way rapidly to the landing zones, invade Germany by using only securing the roads. During bridges over the battle Lower Rhine in the roads became death traps for many British units and they soon became clogged with burned out tanks and vehicles and this critically delayed the ground forces coming to the support of the paratroopers in ArnhemNetherlands. Perhaps the biggest failing of the Montgomery plan was that it assumed that the Germans had been decisively beaten and that any counter-attack that they could launch in the area would be limited <ref> Montgomery, pBernard Law. ''[https://www.amazon. 178<com/gp/product/B0007J1BXO/ref>.=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=B0007J1BXO&linkCode=as2&tag=German Counterdailyh0c-attack20&linkId==The Germans had been driven back some two hundred miles in a matter of weeks. The British and the Americans dominated the skies and constantly harassed 1ed80a46adf53fbeae6a37e7dbcb15e2 Normandy to the GermansBaltic]'' (Hutchinson & Co. The roads had become very unsafe for the Germans and they had also come under attack from the local resistance movements. The Germans had lost some 90London,000 killed or wounded during the summer of 1944 and a further 200,000 had been taken prisoner or missing in action<ref> Ryan1947), p. 1, 45157</ref>. However, after the failure of the British army to encircle the German army in the Scheldt Estuary allowed the Germans time to regroup in the Netherlands. The German front This idea had begun to stabilize. They were also ably led several advantages such as by -passing the very experienced General ModelSiegfried Line. He also received some reinforcements Montgomery wanted an airborne assault in the form of the remaining units of Netherlands to secure key bridges over the 9th and 10th SS Panzer DivisionsLower Rhine. Unfortunately, for This would allow the Allies, especially to enter into the BritishNorthern German plains, the SS unitswhere there were no natural barriers, with powerful Tiger tanks were positioned in Arnhemto their advance to Berlin. This was not merely bad luck, but because of good German intelligence <ref> HastingsBurgett, p. 119117</ref>.

==Intelligence Failure==The Germans had anticipated that there would be an offensive launched with the objective of seizing ArnhemMontgomery’s plan was initially more ambitious, Wesel and Nijmegenbut he scaled back his plans according to Eisenhower’s criticism. A senior intelligence officer argued that Montgomery proposed the British and the American would use following; airborne troops. However, he did not predict where the assault units would be. Nevertheless, dropped behind the German intelligence was able lines to provide secure the High Command with bridges over the information they need to prepare for any planned Allied attack. The German General Model heeded his intelligence officers Meuse and this was to prove decisive. The British had excellent intelligence<ref> Ryan, p. 45</ref>. They had reliable information on the movements two tributaries of the Germans, from the Dutch Resistance and they could also employ aerial reconnaissance planes to obtain photographic intelligenceRhine. One reconnaissance mission was able to provide images that seemed to show German forces in The airborne units would hold the Arnhem area. This was confirmed by information from bridges until the local resistanceBritish ground forces arrived. This was compelling proof Montgomery believed that not only would this airborne operation succeed in securing bridges over the Germans had significant forces and that any air assault on Rhine but result in the region, would be a great riskretreat of German Divisions into Germany. The intelligence officer who reported this Allied High Command agreed to Montgomery was not believedthe plan. When he tried to persuade Montgomery that there was a large build-up of German forces near Arnhem, he was relieved of staked his command reputation on the strategy and rumors spread that he had a nervous breakdownwas backed by Churchill. Montgomery’s refusal to heed intelligence The offensive was to result in a near disaster for be called Market Garden. The 'Market' part of the British. It appears that operation involved the General, refused to countenance anything that contradicted his views as he was utterly convinced airborne aspect of the brilliance of his plans for Market Garden and his own infallibilityoperation.<ref> HarclerodeMontgomery, p. 127113</ref>.

The operation would involve four airborne divisions. The paratroopers would land in the area by gliders, or they would parachute into the target zones. Some 50,000 troops were involved, and they would also be supplied with some light artillery. There were American, British, and Polish units involved in the massive airdrops. The ‘Garden’ part of the plan would involve several British Armored Divisions moving into the Netherlands to link up with the paratroopers and defend the bridges from any German counterattack. According to Montgomery, for the strategy to have worked, it depended on two things, the quick capture of all the bridges by the Allies and the ground forces linking with the paratroopers within days.<ref>Montgomery, p. 118</ref> == What Happened during Operation Market Garden? == [[File:Sherman_tanks_of_the_Irish_Guards_Group.jpg|thumbnail|left|250px|Irish Guard Sherman tanks advance on September 17, 1944, during Operation Market Garden]]Operation Market Garden began on the 17th of September 1944. It was a coordinated action by American, British a Polish Airborne, and mainly British forces. The operation began with heavy air raids to weaken any resistance. The paratroopers began landing at 13.00hrs around targets in the Netherlands, chiefly Eindhoven, Arnhem, and Nijmegen.<ref> Devlin, Gerard M.. ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0860510689/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0860510689&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=649bb9080e6f13f739965427274aedcb Paratrooper: The Saga Of Parachute And Glider Combat Troops During World War II]'' Robson Books, NY, 1979), p. 117</ref>. The paratroopers had the advantage of surprise, and they achieved their objectives. The Germans had been taken completely by surprise. The initial phase of the operation was a total success. It had been feared that the Germans would blow up the bridges, which would mean that the plan would have to be aborted. The rapid capture of the bridges meant that the ground forces would be able to reach the landing zones and support the paratroopers.<ref>Devlin, p. 119</ref>  <dh-ad/> The British ground forces fought their way to Nijmegen and captured the city, after some fierce fighting. The British Ground forces captured one after another the bridges. The operation appeared to be going to plan despite heavier than anticipated German resistance. The most important bridge was Arnhem. This was the most strategically significant bridge. It had to be seized by the ground forces if Market Garden was to succeed in its objectives. The British paratroopers had captured the bridge, but they soon came under fierce attack from the crack 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions.<ref> Hastings, Max, ''[https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0330490621/ref=as_li_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=9325&creativeASIN=0330490621&linkCode=as2&tag=dailyh0c-20&linkId=6206158efce5c001fc4abbbb9e1291a3 Armageddon: The Battle for Germany 1944–45]'' (London: Pan Books, 2004), p.123</ref> The SS had armor and tanks, and they pounded the British paratroopers mercilessly.  The British paratroopers soon found themselves surrounded as the SS had encircled them. The lightly armed British soldiers fought bravely, but they could not hold out for long. An elite British unit, the Irish Guards, was fighting its way forward to help the airborne troops. However, because of the terrain, they had to fight their way up to Arnhem on a single road, and they were constantly attacked. This road came to be known as the Highway to Hell. The Guards' tanks could not leave the narrow road as the ground was very marshy and much of it was bogland. As the Irish Guards made their way to Arnhem, they were easily picked off by the Germans, who attacked them from the woodland cover. Eventually, such was the ferocity of the German resistance that the British came to a halt. The paratroopers at Arnhem were isolated and cut-off and were forced to surrender. Operation Market Garden had achieved all of its objectives, except the most important one, the capture of the Bridge at Arnhem.<ref>Hastings, p. 135</ref> == Was Montgomery's plan for Market Garden Overly Optimistic? ==Even before the start of the operation, many feared that Montgomery’s plan was too optimistic. The Polish airborne unit commander declared that the plan was flawed and famously stated that the prime objective of the offensive the Arnhem Bridge was ‘a bridge too far.’<ref> Ryan, p 89</ref> He meant that Montgomery’s aims were simply too ambitious and that he was asking too much of his men. Montgomery also assumed that the paratroop unit could retain their landing zones and the bridges for a given period of time. Paratroops were only lightly armed, and without support from ground troops and tanks, they could not hold out for long. The British General was wrong to believe that airborne troops could resist assault from ground troops supported by armor for several days.  Crucially Montgomery failed to understand the terrain that he expected his men to fight in. The roads in the Netherlands were narrow, and that the ground around them was unsuitable for armor. This was a fundamental error- Montgomery had simply assumed that his tanks could rapidly make their way to the landing zones by using only the roads. During the battle, the roads became death traps for many British units. They soon became clogged with burned-out tanks and vehicles. This critically delayed the ground forces coming to the support of the paratroopers in Arnhem in particular. Perhaps the Montgomery plan's biggest failing was that it assumed that the Germans had been decisively beaten and that any counter-attack that they could launch in the area would be limited.<ref>Montgomery, p. 178</ref> == Were the Allies prepared for the German Counter-attack during Operation Market Garden?==[[File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J27784,_Arnheim,_Walter_Model,_Heinz_Harmel.jpg|thumbnail|225px|General Walter Model with SS-Brigadeführer Heinz Harmel]] The Germans had been driven back some two hundred miles in a matter of weeks. The British and the Americans dominated the skies and constantly harassed the Germans. The roads had become very unsafe for the Germans, and they had also come under attack from the local resistance movements. The Germans had lost some 90,000 killed or wounded during the summer of 1944, and a further 200,000 had been taken prisoner or missing in action.<ref> Ryan, p. 1, 45</ref>  However, after the British army failed to encircle the German army in the Scheldt Estuary, it allowed the Germans time to regroup in the Netherlands. The German front had begun to stabilize. They were also ably led by the very experienced General Walter Model. He also received some reinforcements in the remaining units of the 9th and 10th SS Panzer Divisions. Unfortunately, for the Allies, especially the British, the SS units were positioned in Arnhem. This was not merely bad luck, but due to good German intelligence.<ref>Hastings, p. 119</ref> == Why did Montegomery ignore the Dutch Resistance's Intelligence regarding German Troop Movements? ==The Germans had anticipated that there would be an offensive launched to seize Arnhem, Wesel, and Nijmegen. A senior intelligence official argued that the British and the Americans would use airborne troops. However, he did not predict where the assault would be. Nevertheless, German intelligence provided the High Command with the information they needed to prepare for any planned Allied attack. The German General Model heeded his intelligence officers, and this was to prove decisive. The British had excellent intelligence.<ref> Ryan, p. 45</ref>  They had reliable information on the Germans' movements from the Dutch Resistance, and they could also employ aerial reconnaissance planes to obtain photographic intelligence. One reconnaissance mission was able to provide images that seemed to show German forces in the Arnhem area. This was confirmed by information from the local resistance. This was compelling proof that the Germans had significant forces and that any air assault on the region would be a great risk.  The intelligence officer who reported this to Montgomery was not believed. When he tried to persuade Montgomery that there was a large build-up of German forces near Arnhem, he was relieved of his command, and rumors spread that he had a nervous breakdown. Montgomery’s refusal to heed intelligence was to result in a near disaster for the British. It appears that the General refused to countenance anything that contradicted his views as he was utterly convinced of the brilliance of his plans for Market Garden and his own infallibility.<ref> Harclerode, p. 127</ref> ==What were the Consequences of the failure of Operation Market Garden? == The operation was not a total failure as it did lead led to the liberation of large areas of southern Netherlands areas and the gain gained hold of several strategic bridges. However, it failed to secure the key bridge at Arnhem, that which would have allowed the Allies to cross the Rhine. The failure at Arnhem meant that any planned invasion of Germany had to be delayed. The Germans, although they had lost ground, were we're able to establish a strong defensive line. In total, the Allies had suffered some 15,000 casualties and had many thousands more taken prisoner. The Germans had also lost equipment and vehicles that they could ill-afford to use. An unintended consequence of the offensive was a serious famine in the Netherlands. The Dutch railways stopped during the battle, to stop German reinforcements from getting to the front line. In revenge, the Germans forbade the transportation of food, by train and in the following winter , there were serious food shortages throughout the Netherland’s and thousands died of starvation or malnutrition.<ref>Ryan, p. 378</ref>. ==Conclusion= Operation Market Garden failed to meet any of its Objectives ==Operation Market Garden was a tactical defeat for the Allies, as it failed to achieve all its objectives. It failed to secure the key bridge at Arnhem and this , which meant that they were halted at the Rhine. This probably delayed the eventual Allied victory in western Europe. The operation failed because of a failure in planning, intelligence, and a lack of understanding of the terrain's nature of the terrain. There was also a mistaken belief that the Germans had been all put but defeated.  Moreover, Market Garden was moreover fundamentally flawed as it mistakenly believed that airborne forces could resist heavily armed troops for an extended period. While not exclusively to blame, many of these failures were a result of resulted from Montgomery and his over-optimistic ideas and his arrogance. The failure of Operation Market Garden was largely the result of the General Montgomery's poor leadership and poor tactics of General Montgomery. ====References====<references/> <div class="portal" style='float:left; width:35%'>====Related DailyHistory.org Articles===={{#dpl:category=World War Two History|ordermethod=firstedit|order=descending|count=7}}</div>  [[Category: Wikis]][[Category:British History]] [[Category:Military History]][[Category:World War Two History]][[Category:European History]] [[Category:20th Century History]] [[Category:United States History]]{{Contributors}}Updated November 21, 2020