Changes

In many myths, how gods ruled over humanity is often tied in the creation myths that those religions have. However, it is also more complex than this, as often the power structure and hierarchy of the gods varies across time. In other words, which gods rule over humans , even for a given society, has often changed and the relationship that humans have created with their gods reflects how people saw their world. Take for example in Egypt, where in the New Kingdom (c. 1500-1100 BCE) period, in the late 2nd millennium BCE, the combined god Amun-Ra was seen as the chief of the pantheon of gods. In earlier period, it was Pharaoh who was the important or even most important god as embodying Horus. Egypt, like many Mediterranean and Old World societies, saw that gods, like human societies, had hierarchies. Thus, gods ruled not only humans, because they created humans, but that there was a hierarchy of power among gods. That hierarchy shifted across time and it was only , often based on political change or shifts in power, such as priestly classes gaining more power in Thebes in the New Kingdom that period, where Amun-Ra became the head of the pantheon. This is also true in ancient Mesopotamia. The gods created humans, in this case, but according to the <i>Enuma Elish</i> or at least the later version of the story, it is the god Marduk who heroically comes to the defense of humans and the gods who achieves power over people. In the war between gods, the victorious gods chose Marduk to rule them all and, by extension, humanity who serves the gods. In an earlier version of that story, the heroic god was Enlil, indicating that a type of power displacement occurred and the chief god shifted over time. Other similar stories exist, but with other gods inserted as the victorious god, including the god Ashur in northern Mesopotamia , in ancient Assyria, or modern northern Iraq. In both the Egyptian and Mesopotamian beliefs, humans directly serve gods in a clear, hierarchical pattern. The main purpose of humanity is to serve the gods through sacrifice and works. People can ask for gods to intercede or to help them but human fate is ultimately controlled by different gods, including one's personal gods or gods associated with given people.<ref>For more on gods in Egypt and Mesopotamia, and including the wider Near East, see: Holland, G.S., 2010. <i>Gods in the desert: religions of the ancient Near East</i>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</ref> Gods in traditional Central and Southern African societies also emphasized a hierarchy of gods. A good example in Igbo culture in Nigeria is Chukwu, who was the supreme god who created and assigned tasks to all beings, including other gods. This structure of power defined the relationship between gods, that is a chief god Chukwu, who then acts as a type of overlord god to the other gods. Several African cultures also believed in the higher-level gods and lower gods who were created by the higher gods or served them, with humans being a part of the hierarchy of defined relationships. Different gods also had different roles over time, often shifting their position of importance over time.<ref>For more on traditional beliefs, see: Olupona, J.K., 2014. <i>African religions: a very short introduction</i>. Oxford University Press, New York.</ref>

Different forms of Hinduism have different lead gods. In Shaivism, Shiva, the destroy god, leads the pantheon. In Shaktism, Devi is a goddess who is at the top of the hierarchy. In classical or current traditional Hinduism, there are four key meanings to life that give human purposeand define the relationship of humanity with deities. These include Dharma, Artha, Kama, and Moksha. Dharma is moral and ethical actions that guide one's life. Artha is the pursuit of wealth and prosperity. Kama is attaining enjoyment and fulfilment from life. Moksha is attaining enlightenment and is considered as the fourth key goal of life. These ideals derive from the <i>Bhagavad Gita</i>, which is part of the <i>Mahabharata</i>, that has a series of poems between a warrior and Lord Krishna. In Shinto Japanese, Amaterasu emerged as the most powerful deity, who is a sun goddess and became, among her sibling gods, the goddess in charge of keeping balance and harmony on Earth (Figure 1). Her chief priestess became the an unmarried woman from the Emperor's household. Thus, authority and power were given to her to keep peace and harmony on Earth, where she would then bestow power to the emperor and his family to keep peace. Harmony and purity are considered the high ideals of Shintoism and are the purposes of humanity. The most ancient Chinese religious belief system known to us emphasized the god Shangti, who was the supreme being that controlled war, weather, success in life, and other aspects within Earth from the time of the Shang Dynasty. However, the god was powerful and could not be accessible to normal humans. This justifies having the Chinese emperors, who are intermediaries and pray or request things from Shagti, such as rain for the harvest. Later, this god evolves into the concept of Heaven, with Heaven itself ruling over all other beings. Later Taoism developed the concept of harmony through Ying and Yang, which are male and female qualities that balance life. Much Effectively the meaning and understanding of how Shagti controlled humanity changed as the philosophies and ruling classes changed in China. Nevertheless, many of the qualitiesespoused in Shagti, even if modified in form, were worshiped and carried on by the Taoist philosophers.<ref>For more on how eastern philosophies and religions viewed relationships of deities and gods to humanity, see: Coogan, M.D., Narayanan, V. (Eds.), 2005. <9i>Eastern religions: origins, beliefs, practices, holy texts, sacred places</i>. Oxford University Press, Oxford ; New York.</ref>

In Norse cosmology, the worlds and realms are divided into nine worlds. Humans occupy the world known as Midgard, while many of the gods are in Asgard, where Odin rules and is the most powerful. In Norse beliefs, several gods occupy the top realm, which are Odin, Frigg, Thor, Loki, Balder, Hod, Heimdall and Tyr, who represent the Æsir clan. Gods rule as they please , and often fight each other for power, but humans sacrifice to them to receive favour, including gods interceding or helping during life. However, gods, similar to many ancient Old World beliefs, can be almost whimsical, doing as they please. Fate of people are determined by the Norns, who were three female beings, who weave the fate of humans and gods alike. Thus, ones life is determined by fatefrom the Norns rather than the normal or even most important gods. The purpose of life was to be remembered by one's ancestors and people. One's works in life help determine this memory. Thus, song and poetry in Norse beliefs are important to tell the tales of heroic deeds or actions as a way to share memory.<ref>For more on the Norse beliefs and cosmology, see: Lindow, J., 2002. <i>Norse mythology: a guide to the gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs</i>. First issued as an Oxford University Press paperback. ed. Oxford University Press, Oxford. </ref>