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[[File: Miltiades_Munich.jpg|300px210px|thumbnail|left|Bust of the Athenian General, Miltiades]]__NOTOC__Few battles in the ancient world had as much impact on history as the Battle of Marathon. The battle has provided a fodder for numerous books, documentaries, and movies, which often portray the event as one of the important battles in the existential struggle between European freedom and Oriental despotism. The reality of the Battle of Marathon is much less hyperbolic and much more complex than the popular media often depicts, although it was just as important.

The Battle of Marathon was a turning point __NOTOC__Few battles in the Greco-Persian Wars (499-449 BC) ancient world had as it put a check much impact on history as the mighty Achaemenid Persian military juggernaut that was threatening to inundate all Battle of Greece and put the Greek people under their tyrannyMarathon. The “Great King” Darius I (ruled 522-486 BC) of the Achaemenid Empire ruthlessly crushed the Ionian Revolt (499-493 BC) of the Greek-Anatolian city-statesbattle has provided fodder for numerous books, documentaries, and movies, which proved to be the first round of the Greco-Persian Wars and often portray the event that placed the what was at the time the not so as an important city-state of Athens directly battle in the path of Persian aggressionexistential struggle between European freedom and Oriental despotism. The Athenians supported their Greek-Ionian cousins in the revolt, thereby making them the eternal enemies Battle of Persians marathons reality is much less hyperbolic and causing Darius I to send a large amphibious invasion force to Athens in 490 BC. Despite being outnumberedmuch more complex than the popular media often depicts, the Athenians pushed back the Persian tide on an inconsequential plain near a small town known although it was just as Marathonimportant.

==Who won the Battle of Marathon?==The Athenians were clearly underdogs at the Battle of Marathon, but achieved was a convincing tactical and moral victory for turning point in the Greco-Persian Wars (499-449 BC). It put a number check on the mighty Achaemenid Persian military juggernaut that was threatening to inundate all of reasons that were both tangible Greece and intangibleput the Greek people under their tyranny. Among The “Great King” Darius I (ruled 522-486 BC) of the tangible reasons for Achaemenid Empire ruthlessly crushed the Athenian victory were Ionian Revolt (499-493 BC) of the highGreek-quality of their commandersAnatolian city-states, especially Miltiades, who knew which proved to be the capabilities and limitations first round of their force the Greco-Persian Wars and the event that placed the what they could expect from was at the time the Persiansnot so important city-state of Athens directly in the path of Persian aggression. The Athenian commanders were familiar with Athenians supported their Greek-Ionian cousins in the revolt, thereby making them the terrain eternal enemies of Persians and used it accordinglycausing Darius I to send a large amphibious invasion force to Athens in 490 BC. Despite being outnumbered, as opposed to the myopic Athenians pushed back the Persian commanders who relied almost solely tide on their numbersan inconsequential plain near a small town known as Marathon.

Also, ==What advantages did the Athenians have at the average Greek warrior, known as <i>hoplites</i>, Battle of Marathon?==The Athenians were better equipped than their Persians counterparts, which proved to be vital in clearly underdogs at the latter stages Battle of the battleMarathon but achieved a convincing tactical and moral victory for several tangible and intangible reasons. Along with Among the tangible and strategic factors that propelled reasons for the Athenians to Athenian victory were several intangibles that factored in was their favor including: commanders' high-quality, especially Miltiades, who knew the capabilities and limitations of their love of freedom force and rights as citizens that what they did not want to lose; could expect from the fear of what Persians. The Athenian commanders were familiar with the Persians would do to their city terrain and families used it accordingly, instead of they were to lose the battle; and shame over not doing more to help myopic Persian commanders who relied almost solely on their Ionian Greek cousins in their time of neednumbers.

====The Ionian Revolt====[[File: Darius.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Relief of Darius I from Persepolis]]The event that placed Athensaverage Greek warrior, and later Sparta and most of Greeceknown as <i>hoplites</i>, in the cross-hairs of the Persians was better equipped than their involvement Persian counterparts, which proved vital in the Ionian Revoltbattle's later stages. The Greek city-states in Along with the coastal region of tangible and strategic factors that propelled the modern nation-state Athenians to victory were several intangibles that factored in their favor, including their love of Turkey, which was known in ancient times freedom and rights as “Ionia,” were firmly under citizens that they did not want to lose; the control fear of what the Achaemenid Persians at the beginning of the fifth century BC as a “satrapy” or province. Ionia was listed as an Achaemenid satrapy in Persian inscriptions from Persia would do to Egypt their city and was written about by families if they were to lose the fifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus, who noted that the province was quite lucrative as it supplied a yearly tribute of 400 talents of silver. <ref> Herodotus. <i> The Histories.</i> Translated by Aubrey de Sélincourt. (London: Penguin Books, 2003), Book III, 90</ref> The mainland Greeks continued battle; and shame over not doing more to trade with help their Ionian Greek cousins and maintained reasonable diplomatic relations with the Persians until events unfolded in Ionia in 499 BC that set them against each other permanentlytheir time of need.

Things moved quickly in Ionia after Histiaeus – who == What was a Greek appointed by the Persians to rule the Ionian city Revolt? ==[[File: Darius.jpg|250px|thumbnail|right|Relief of Miletus as a puppet tyrant – left the city on business and was temporarily replaced by a man named Aristagoras. The new tyrant looked across the Aegean Sea to Athens as inspiration as that city had recently overthrown its tyranny and replaced it with democracy—Aristagoras endeavored to do the same in Miletus. Soon, news spread throughout Ionia and all the Greek cities in Anatolia what Aristagoras had done and so many followed suit and expelled their tyrants. The actions were considered rebellion by Darius I who soon sent a large force to quell the growing disturbance. <ref> Forrest, George. “Greece: The History of the Archaic Period.” In <i>The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World.</i> Edited by John Boardman, Jasper Griffin, and Oswyn Murray. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 37</ref>from Persepolis]]

Aristagoras knew The event that the Ionian Greeks could not defeat the Achaemenid Empire aloneplaced Athens, so he traveled to and later Sparta and most of Greece to appeal to , in the Persians' cross-hairs was their involvement in the two most powerful Ionian Revolt. The Greek city-statesin the coastal region of Turkey's modern nation-state, which was known in ancient times as “Ionia, Sparta and Athens” were firmly under the control of the Achaemenid Persians at the beginning of the fifth century BC as a “satrapy” or province. Ionia was listed as an Achaemenid satrapy in Persian inscriptions from Persia to Egypt. He incorrectly gauged It was written about by the austere Spartans desire for richesfifth century BC Greek historian Herodotus, who rebuffed him by stating noted that the time away from their city would be too longprovince was quite lucrative. It supplied a yearly tribute of 400 talents of silver. <ref> Herodotus, Book V, 50. <i> The Histories.</refi> Aristagoras then went to Athens where he changed his pitch Translated by appealing to the fraternal bond between Athens and Miletus as it was Athenians who founded MiletusAubrey de Sélincourt. The plea was successful(London: Penguin Books, somewhat, as the Athenians agreed to send twenty triremes, although that was far below the number Aristagoras had desired. <ref> Herodotus2003), Book VIII, 9790</ref> The mainland Greeks continued to trade with their Ionian cousins and maintained reasonable diplomatic relations with the Persians until events unfolded in Ionia in 499 BC that set them against each other permanently.

The results of Things moved quickly in Ionia after Histiaeus – a Greek appointed by the Ionian Revolt proved Persians to be disastrous for Aristagoras and rule the Greeks. After sacking the ancient Lydian Ionian city of Sardis, Miletus as a puppet tyrant – left the Greeks were repulsed city on business and was temporarily replaced by a man named Aristagoras. The new tyrant looked across the superior Persian forceAegean Sea to Athens as inspiration. Aristagoras fled That city had recently overthrown its tyranny and replaced it with democracy—Aristagoras endeavored to do the region same in Miletus. Soon, news spread throughout Ionia, and died all the Greek cities in exile while the surviving Athenians sailed back to GreeceAnatolia what Aristagoras had done, probably thinking they had heard the last of the Persiansand so many followed suit and expelled their tyrants. But according to Herodotus, The actions were considered a rebellion by Darius I reportedly told his advisors: “Grant, O Godwho soon sent a large force to quell the growing disturbance. <ref> Forrest, that I may punish George. “Greece: The History of the AtheniansArchaic Period.” In <i>The Oxford History of Greece and the Hellenistic World.<ref/i> HerodotusEdited by John Boardman, Book VJasper Griffin, 105and Oswyn Murray. (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2001), p. 37</ref> After exacting punitive atrocities on the Ionian Greeks, Darius I assembled the largest fleet that world had ever seen to invade Greece.

====The Persian Fleet Sails====The initial Persian fleet was led by a commander named MardoniusAristagoras knew that the Ionian Greeks could not defeat the Achaemenid Empire alone, but so he traveled to Greece to appeal to the two most of powerful city-states, Sparta and Athens. He incorrectly gauged the fleet was destroyed as it tried to sail along austere Spartans' desire for riches, who rebuffed him by stating that the shoreline of the Aegean Seatime away from their city would be too long. <ref> Herodotus, Book VIV, 4450</ref> Although thousands of men Aristagoras then went to Athens, where he changed his pitch by appealing to the fraternal bond between Athens and hundreds of ships were lost at seaMiletus as it was Athenians who founded Miletus. The plea was successful, somewhat, as the Athenians agreed to send twenty triremes, although that was far below the Achaemenid Empire number Aristagoras had nearly unlimited resources available, so Darius I appointed another commander named Datis to lead another fleet to Greecedesired. Datis’ specific orders were to “reduce Athens and Eretria to slavery”<ref> Herodotus, Book VIV, 9497</ref> for their role in the Ionian Revolt.

Although Eretria was a much smaller city-state, The results of the neighbor of Athens also sent triremes Ionian Revolt proved to support be disastrous for Aristagoras and the Ionian Greeks so they also incurred . After sacking the wrath ancient Lydian city of Darius I. Instead of following the Aegean coastline as Mardonius so tragically didSardis, Datis decided to take the fleet straight across Greeks were repulsed by the Aegean, hopping superior Persian force. Aristagoras fled the many Cyclades islands region and died in exile while the process. Once the Persian fleet arrived in surviving Athenians sailed back to Greece, Datis led it straight to Eretria to teach them a less and send a sign probably thinking they had heard the Persians' last. But according to Herodotus, Darius I reportedly told his advisors: “Grant, O God, that I may punish the Athenians. ” <ref> Herodotus wrote:, Book V, 105</ref> After exacting punitive atrocities on the Ionian Greeks, Darius I assembled the largest fleet that the world had ever seen to invade Greece.

“The Persians entered==The Persian Fleet Sails ==The initial Persian fleet was led by a commander named Mardonius, and stripped but most of the temples bare and burnt them in revenge for fleet was destroyed as it tried to sail along the burnt temples shoreline of Sardisthe Aegean Sea. <ref> Herodotus, Book VI, 44</ref> Although thousands of men andhundreds of ships were lost at sea, in accordance with Darius’ ordersthe Achaemenid Empire had nearly unlimited resources available, carried off all the inhabitants as slavesso Darius I appointed another commander named Datis to lead another fleet to Greece." Datis’ specific orders were to “reduce Athens and Eretria to slavery”<ref> Herodotus, Book VI, 10194</ref>for their role in the Ionian Revolt.

Once Although Eretria was a much smaller city-state, the Athenians learned neighbor of Athens also sent triremes to support the fate Ionian Greeks, so they also incurred the wrath of EretriaDarius I. Instead of following the Aegean coastline as Mardonius so tragically did, Datis decided to take the fleet straight across the Aegean, hopping the fear many Cyclades islands in the city must have been palpableprocess. The Athenians knew that Once the Persian army was headed fleet arrived in their direction next and that there was little to no deal that could be made. Although Herodotus gives no numbers on the size of the Persian armyGreece, all modern scholars agree that Datis led it was larger than anything the Athenians could field. A high estimate is around 90,000, although that number includes sailors, <ref> Hammond, N. G. L. “The Campaign straight to Eretria to teach them a less and Battle of Marathon.” <i>Journal of Hellenic Studies.</i> 88 (1968) p. 33</ref> while send a low estimate puts that number at 12,000 sign to 15,000 fighting men. <ref> Dpemges, Norman A. “The Campaign and Battle of Marathon.” <i>Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte.</i> 47 (1998) p. 6</ref> Whichever number is true, the Athenians were outnumbered and facing an existential threat. But the fear that the Athenians felt after the destruction Eretria may have actually worked to their advantage during the battle because they knew that if they did not win then they would die and their families would be sold into slavery.Herodotus wrote:

====The Battle====[[File: Battle_of_Marathon.png|300px|thumbnail|left|Map Depicting the Order of Battle at Marathon: The Greeks are Blue and the “The Persians are Red]]The key to any battlefield victory is usually the result of superb planning. The Greek commanders, led by Miltiades, showed their acumen by properly mobilizing their troopsentered, choosing the place and time to engage stripped the Persians, temples bare and by showing creativity with their strategies burnt them in revenge for the face burnt temples of overwhelming numbers. To counteract the Persian numbersSardis, the Athenians knew that they had to muster every man they could to their cause so they started by requesting help from their allies the Spartans. Although Sparta and Athens were rivals throughout most of Hellenic history, they were allied against the Persians during following Darius’ orders, carried off all the Greco-Persian Warsinhabitants as slaves. " <ref> Herodotus, Book VI, 101</ref>

Miltiades Once the Athenians learned of the fate of Eretria, the fear in the city must have been palpable. The Athenians knew that the martial minded Spartans Persian army was headed in their direction next and that there was little to no deal that could give them the edge against the Persians so he sent a messenger to request their assistancebe made. The Battle of Marathon took place Although Herodotus gives no numbers on September 11the Persian army's size, which coincided with an important Spartan religious festival dedicated to Apollo Karenios, so all modern scholars agree that it was larger than anything the Athenians would have to find help elsewherecould field. Although that number includes sailors, a high estimate is around 90,000, <ref> Christian, Dirk Lund, Thomas Heine NielsenHammond, N. G. L. “The Campaign and Adam SchwartzBattle of Marathon. “Herodotos and ” <i>HemerodromoiJournal of Hellenic Studies.</i>: Pheidippides’ Run from Athens 88 (1968) p. 33</ref> while a low estimate puts that number at 12,000 to Sparta in 490 BC from Historical 15,000 fighting men. <ref> Dpemges, Norman A. “The Campaign and Physiological PerspectivesBattle of Marathon.” <i>HermesHistoria: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte.</i> 137 47 (20091998) p. 1616</ref>Whichever number is true, the Athenians were outnumbered and facing an existential threat. But the fear that the Athenians felt after the destruction of Eretria may have actually worked to their advantage during the battle because they knew that they would die if they did not win. Their families would be sold into slavery.

Miltiades did not waste time waiting for the Spartans, though. He mobilized the entire Athenian citizenry so that all males between the ages of eighteen and forty-two would either have to fight the arriving Persians or stand guard at the city to await a potential siege. Athens had no professional, standing army in the modern sense, but its men comprised a sort of “home guard” who were able to fight on short notice. Despite not being a formal army, the Athenians were well<dh-equipped and experienced in the arts of war. <ref> Sage, Michael M. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook.</i> ( London: Routledge, 1996), p. 38<ad/ref>

Once == How did the men of Athens were mobilized, it was up to Miltiades and the other generals to decide how they would engage the Persians. Some Athenians believed that it was best to wait for defeat the Persians and to fight them in a siege, but Miltiades knew that such a venture was doomed to failure after seeing what happened to Eretria. Miltiades argued that they needed to meet at the Persians as soon as they landed their ships on ground that could favor their numerical inferiorityBattle of Marathon? ==[[File: Battle_of_Marathon. The Athenians chose png|250px|thumbnail|left|Map Depicting the plain near a town named Order of Battle at Marathon to engage the Persians because that was near where : The Greeks are Blue and the Persians would come to shore and it was sacred to the Greek demi-god Hercules. <ref>Herodotus, Book VI, 108</ref> are Red]]

The Athenians were able key to muster about 10any battlefield victory is usually the result of superb planning. The Greek commanders,000 hoplites and were augmented led by 1Miltiades,000 men from showed their acumen by properly mobilizing their Greek allies in Plataea. Once troops, choosing the Athenians picked the location, they did not directly place and time to engage the Persians, who were camped near and by showing creativity with their strategies in the face of overwhelming numbers. To counteract the shorePersian numbers, but gradually advanced over the course of a few days, felling trees as Athenians knew that they went. Once had to muster every man they arrived at would be the battlefield could to their cause, so they were protected in started by requesting help from their rear and flanks by rugged hillsallies, which made the Persian cavalry useless Spartans. Although Sparta and pinned them in a bottleneck. <ref> HammondAthens were rivals throughout most of Hellenic history, pgs. 34they were allied against the Persians during the Greco-39</ref> With the odds somewhat more favorable, Miltiades was ready to lead his men into battlePersian Wars.

Miltiades next initiated two battlefield strategies knew that proved to be fatal for the martial-minded Spartans could give them the edge against the Persians, so he sent a messenger to request their assistance. He focused his best troops The Battle of Marathon took place on the wings of the Greek line instead of the centerSeptember 11, which was where coincided with an important Spartan religious festival dedicated to Apollo Karenios, so the best troops traditionally fought in battles during this eraAthenians would have to find help elsewhere. Once his troops were lined up<ref> Christian, Dirk Lund, Thomas Heine Nielsen, he ordered a nearly one mile charge by his men to engage the Persian lineand Adam Schwartz. Although one would think that running “Herodotos and <i>Hemerodromoi</i>: Pheidippides’ Run from Athens to a battle would wind the troops and therefore be counterproductive, Sparta in this case it had the result of rendering the Persian archery 490 BC from Historical and cavalry uselessPhysiological Perspectives.” <i>Hermes. <ref/i>Hammond, 137 (2009) p. 40161</ref> When the two armies engaged, the Greek center gave way, but that was part of Miltiades’ ultimate strategy as Herodotus noted:

Miltiades did not waste time waiting for the Spartans, though. He mobilized the entire Athenian citizenry so that all males between the ages of eighteen and forty-two would either have to fight the arriving Persians or stand guard at the city to await a potential siege. Athens had no professional, standing army in the modern sense, but its men comprised a sort of “home guard” who could fight on short notice. Despite not being a formal army, the Athenians were well-equipped and experienced in the arts of war. <ref> Sage, Michael M. <i>Warfare in Ancient Greece: A Sourcebook.</i> ( London: Routledge, 1996), p. 38</ref>  Once the men of Athens were mobilized, it was up to Miltiades and the other generals to decide how they would engage the Persians. Some Athenians believed that it was best to wait for the Persians and fight them in a siege, but Miltiades knew that such a venture was doomed to failure after seeing what happened to Eretria. Miltiades argued that they needed to meet the Persians as soon as they landed their ships on the ground to favor their numerical inferiority. The Athenians chose the plain near a town named Marathon to engage the Persians because that was near where the Persians would come to shore, and it was sacred to the Greek demi-god Hercules. <ref>Herodotus, Book VI, 108</ref>  The Athenians could muster about 10,000 hoplites and were augmented by 1,000 men from their Greek allies in Plataea. Once the Athenians picked the location, they did not directly engage the Persians, who were camped near the shore, but gradually advanced over the course of a few days, felling trees as they went. Once they arrived at the battlefield, they were protected in their rear and flanks by rugged hills, which made the Persian cavalry useless and pinned them in a bottleneck. <ref> Hammond, pgs. 34-39</ref> With the odds somewhat more favorable, Miltiades was ready to lead his men into battle. Miltiades next initiated two battlefield strategies that proved to be fatal for the Persians. He focused his best troops on the Greek line's wings instead of the center, which was where the best troops traditionally fought in battles during this era. Once his troops were lined up, he ordered a nearly one-mile charge by his men to engage the Persian line. Although one would think that running to a battle would wind the troops and therefore be counterproductive, in this case, it had the result of rendering the Persian archery and cavalry useless. <ref>Hammond, p. 40</ref> When the two armies engaged, the Greek center gave way, but that was part of Miltiades’ ultimate strategy as Herodotus noted: “The Athenians on one wing and the Plataeans on the other were both victorious. Having got the upper hand, they left the defeated enemy to make their escape, and them drawing the two wings together into a single unit, they turned their attention to the Persians who had broken through in the centrecenter. Here again , they were triumphant, chasing the routed enemy, and cutting them down until they came to the sea.” <ref> Herodotus, Book VI, 113</ref> At that point , Datis took what was left of the fleet and tried to sail to Athens by sea. Herodotus wrote that the Persians anchored outside of the Athenian harbor before sailing back across the Aegean Sea to Ionia. <ref> Herodotus, Book VI, 115</ref>

[[File: hoplite.jpg|300px250px|thumbnail|left|Greek Vase Depicting Hoplite Warriors]]Although Miltiades' planning and battlefield strategies are the primary reasons why the Athenians were victorious at Marathon, there were a couple of other factors that should be considered. The fact that the Greeks had rights as citizens and were the first people to articulate the abstract idea of “freedom” that is often taken for granted today cannot be understated. The Athenians had just overthrown their tyranny in 510 BC, so most of the men fighting at Marathon knew that if they lost the battle then it would be a return to the old system. Freedom was something worth fighting for and according to Herodotus, it made the Athenians fight better.

“For while they Although Miltiades' planning and battlefield strategies are the primary reasons why the Athenians were oppressed under tyrantsvictorious at the Marathon, they a couple of other factors should be considered. The fact that the Greeks had no better success in war than any rights as citizens and were the first to articulate the abstract idea of “freedom” that is often taken for granted today cannot be understated. The Athenians had just overthrown their neighbourstyranny in 510 BC, yet, once so most of the yoke was flung off, men fighting at Marathon knew that if they proved lost the finest fighters in battle, it would return to the worldold system.” <ref> Freedom was something worth fighting for, and according to Herodotus, Book V, 78</ref>it made the Athenians fight better.

On “For while they were oppressed under tyrants, they had no better success in war than any of their neighbors, yet, once the other handyoke was flung off, all of they proved the men finest fighters in the Persian army were world.” <iref>subjectsHerodotus, Book V, 78</iref> of the Great King and had no real rights as individuals. Also, a majority of the Persian army was comprised of men from nations the Persians conquered, which means that most of them had questionable loyalties.

FinallyOn the other hand, the average Greek soldier was better armed than even the elite warriors all of the Persian army. The average Greek soldiers, known as hoplites, men were well equipped with large shields, bronze helmets, bronze plate corselets, and metal greaves to protect the shins and calves. Their primary weapon was a long thrusting spear they used in the <i>phalanxsubjects</i> shield wall of the Great King and they also carried daggers for close quarter combathad no real rights as individuals. <ref>SageAlso, p. 26</ref> In contrast, the “Immortals,” who were the elite soldiers most of the Persian army, were equipped with quilted corselets, wicker shields, and carried spears and bows. <ref> Sage, p. 90</ref> Essentially, was comprised of men from nations the Persians were outgunnedconquered, which was a major reason why nearly 7,000 means that most of their men were killed versus only about 200 Greeksthem had questionable loyalties.

==Finally, the average Greek soldier was better armed than even the elite warriors of the Persian army. The average Greek soldiers, known as hoplites, were well equipped with large shields, bronze helmets, bronze plate corselets, and metal greaves to protect the shins and calves. Their primary weapon was a long thrusting spear they used in the <i>phalanx</i> shield wall, and they also carried daggers for close-quarter combat. <ref>Sage, p. 26</ref> In contrast, the “Immortals,” who were the elite soldiers of the Persian army, were equipped with quilted corselets, wicker shields, and carried spears and bows. <ref> Sage, p. 90</ref> Essentially, the Persians were outgunned, which was a major reason why nearly 7,000 of their men were killed versus only about 200 Greeks. ==Conclusion====The Battle of Marathon was one of the most important battles in the ancient world, if not in all of history, because it temporarily stopped the westward expansion of the Achaemenid Persian Empire and gave the allied Greek city-states a rallying cry. Although the Athenians and their Plataean allies were outnumbered at Marathon, they won a decisive tactical and moral victory for a number of several reasons.  The Greeks fought harder than their Persian opponents because they not only had their the freedom to lose, but also and the fear of what the Persians would do to their city and families for their involvement in the Ionian Revolt. Most importantly, the Athenians were led by Miltiades, who proved to be a military genius as he . He picked the time and place to engage the Persians in a way that nullified to nullify their numerical superiority, thereby giving the victory to Athens.