https://dailyhistory.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Maltaweel&feedformat=atomDailyHistory.org - User contributions [en]2024-03-19T08:54:07ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.30.0https://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20768How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T09:09:09Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the southeastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as the northern regions became settled. Originally, Indian Country was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. However, the value and interest in land to the north reduced the area for Native Americans. Many of the tribes that were moved from 1830 and later were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, who became the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The Alabama Native Americans were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal and relocation of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes, who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. During the 1840s, Oklahoma was transforming into an agricultural state. Many of the tribes also owned black slaves, along with cotton agriculture, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes and there were divisions and conflict that even lasted after the Civil War. Many did side with the South. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, where more territory was taken as punishment for joining the South.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving the area out of Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, making it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased and land disputes increasingly arose. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area had not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had most power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory, further increasing power into white settlers and families.<ref>For more on acts and other historical changes to Oklahoma territory after the Civil War, see: Blackman, Jon S. <i>Oklahoma’s Indian New Deal</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
After 1907, Oklahoma's fortunes did go up and down with the oil industry. The state was severely affected in the Great Depression, as the economy collapsed. This period led to the Dust Bowl, as poor farming practices led to wide-scale soil loss. After the war, Oklahoma led the country in creating artificial lakes to help with water conservation. The economy gradually shifted away from oil and agriculture changed to practice more water and land conservation practices. In the recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020, this has now, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<ref>For more on recent history, see: Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. <i>Oklahoma: A History</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early 1800s based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20767How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T09:08:33Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Recent History */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the southeastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as the northern regions became settled. Originally, Indian Country was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. However, the value and interest in land to the north reduced the area for Native Americans. Many of the tribes that were moved from 1830 and later were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, who became the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The Alabama Native Americans were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal and relocation of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes, who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. During the 1840s, Oklahoma was transforming into an agricultural state. Many of the tribes also owned black slaves, along with cotton agriculture, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes and there were divisions and conflict that even lasted after the Civil War. Many did side with the South. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, where more territory was taken as punishment for joining the South.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving the area out of Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, making it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased and land disputes increasingly arose. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area had not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had most power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory, further increasing power into white settlers and families.<ref>For more on acts and other historical changes to Oklahoma territory after the Civil War, see: Blackman, Jon S. <i>Oklahoma’s Indian New Deal</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
After 1907, Oklahoma's fortunes did go up and down with the oil industry. The state was severely affected in the Great Depression, as the economy collapsed. This period led to the Dust Bowl, as poor farming practices led to wide-scale soil loss. After the war, Oklahoma led the country in creating artificial lakes to help with water conservation. The economy gradually shifted away from oil and agriculture changed to practice more water and land conservation practices. In the recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020, this has now, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<ref>For more on recent history, see: Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. <i>Oklahoma: A History</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20766How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T09:04:36Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Establishment of the State */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the southeastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as the northern regions became settled. Originally, Indian Country was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. However, the value and interest in land to the north reduced the area for Native Americans. Many of the tribes that were moved from 1830 and later were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, who became the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The Alabama Native Americans were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal and relocation of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes, who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. During the 1840s, Oklahoma was transforming into an agricultural state. Many of the tribes also owned black slaves, along with cotton agriculture, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes and there were divisions and conflict that even lasted after the Civil War. Many did side with the South. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, where more territory was taken as punishment for joining the South.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving the area out of Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, making it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased and land disputes increasingly arose. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area had not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had most power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory, further increasing power into white settlers and families.<ref>For more on acts and other historical changes to Oklahoma territory after the Civil War, see: Blackman, Jon S. <i>Oklahoma’s Indian New Deal</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
After 1907, Oklahoma's fortunes did go up and down with the oil industry. The state was severely affected in the Great Depression, as the economy collapsed. This period led to the Dust Bowl, as poor farming practices led to wide-scale soil loss. After the war, Oklahoma led the country in creating artificial lakes to help with water conservation. The economy gradually shifted away from oil and agriculture changed to practice more water and land conservation practices. In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<ref>For more on recent history, see: Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. <i>Oklahoma: A History</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20765How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T09:01:20Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Emergence of Oklahoma */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the southeastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as the northern regions became settled. Originally, Indian Country was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. However, the value and interest in land to the north reduced the area for Native Americans. Many of the tribes that were moved from 1830 and later were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, who became the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The Alabama Native Americans were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal and relocation of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes, who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. During the 1840s, Oklahoma was transforming into an agricultural state. Many of the tribes also owned black slaves, along with cotton agriculture, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes and there were divisions and conflict that even lasted after the Civil War. Many did side with the South. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, where more territory was taken as punishment for joining the South.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<ref>For more on acts and other historical changes to Oklahoma territory after the Civil War, see: Blackman, Jon S. <i>Oklahoma’s Indian New Deal</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
After 1907, Oklahoma's fortunes did go up and down with the oil industry. The state was severely affected in the Great Depression, as the economy collapsed. This period led to the Dust Bowl, as poor farming practices led to wide-scale soil loss. After the war, Oklahoma led the country in creating artificial lakes to help with water conservation. The economy gradually shifted away from oil and agriculture changed to practice more water and land conservation practices. In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<ref>For more on recent history, see: Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. <i>Oklahoma: A History</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20764How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:55:08Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Recent History */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as the northern regions became settled. Originally, Indian Country was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. However, the value and interest in land to the north reduced the area for Native Americans. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, who became the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal and relocation of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes, who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes and there were divisions. Most of the tribes did side with the South. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of the territory as punishment for joining the South.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<ref>For more on acts and other historical changes to Oklahoma territory after the Civil War, see: Blackman, Jon S. <i>Oklahoma’s Indian New Deal</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
After 1907, Oklahoma's fortunes did go up and down with the oil industry. The state was severely affected in the Great Depression, as the economy collapsed. This period led to the Dust Bowl, as poor farming practices led to wide-scale soil loss. After the war, Oklahoma led the country in creating artificial lakes to help with water conservation. The economy gradually shifted away from oil and agriculture changed to practice more water and land conservation practices. In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<ref>For more on recent history, see: Baird, W. David, and Danney Goble. <i>Oklahoma: A History</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20763How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:49:59Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Establishment of the State */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as the northern regions became settled. Originally, Indian Country was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. However, the value and interest in land to the north reduced the area for Native Americans. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, who became the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal and relocation of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes, who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes and there were divisions. Most of the tribes did side with the South. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of the territory as punishment for joining the South.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<ref>For more on acts and other historical changes to Oklahoma territory after the Civil War, see: Blackman, Jon S. <i>Oklahoma’s Indian New Deal</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2013.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20762How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:47:08Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Emergence of Oklahoma */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups.<ref>For more on Andrew Jackson's Indian Removal Act, see: Stewart, Mark. <i>The Indian Removal Act: Forced Relocation</i>. Snapshots in History. Minneapolis, Minn: Compass Point Books, 2007.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory or Indian Country, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as the northern regions became settled. Originally, Indian Country was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. However, the value and interest in land to the north reduced the area for Native Americans. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw, who became the so-called Five Civilized Tribes. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal and relocation of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes, who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. For a time before the Civil War, the region was prosperous. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join in the Civil War among the tribes and there were divisions. Most of the tribes did side with the South. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of the territory as punishment for joining the South.<ref>For more on Native Americans in Oklahoma until the Civil War, see: Clampitt, Bradley R., ed. <i>The Civil War and Reconstruction in Indian Territory</i>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015.<br />
</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20761How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:38:51Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Establishment of the State */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.<br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory (Figure 2). In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<br />
<br />
[[File:IT.4.1889.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. The land that became Oklahoma was divided into zones by the late 1880s.]]<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:IT.4.1889.jpg&diff=20760File:IT.4.1889.jpg2020-07-16T08:38:02Z<p>Maltaweel: File uploaded with MsUpload</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20759How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:36:58Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Emergence of Oklahoma */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States (Figure 1). The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.<br />
<br />
[[File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Oklahoma was part of Indian Territory or what was also known as Indian Country.]]<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory. In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:Indian_Country-Territory_1834.jpg&diff=20758File:Indian Country-Territory 1834.jpg2020-07-16T08:35:59Z<p>Maltaweel: File uploaded with MsUpload</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20757How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:23:40Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory. In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
The creation of Oklahoma emerged in the early days based on decisions to force Native Americans, mostly from the southern United States, to the area that became Oklahoma. Changes in the borders of Indian Territory and settlement gradually led to the emergence of Oklahoma territory after the Civil War. The state was declared in 1907, but by then Native Americans lost political power in the state. The recent Supreme Court ruling may, however, put some of that power in the hands of Native Americans in eastern Oklahoma, although it is likely to be limited.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20756How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:21:00Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Recent History */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory. In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
In recent Supreme Court ruling in July 2020 now has, once again since the early 1890s, has effectively given some greater sovereignty back to Oklahoma native groups. The Five Tribes of the 19th century received a favorable result that gives the jurisdiction to prosecute criminal cases against Native Americans living in eastern Oklahoma. The ruling states that Natives cannot be prosecuted by state or local law enforcement and have to face tribal or federal courts. However, this is likely to have further implications outside of just the courts. This may also have implication on taxes and other government functions, even putting into question of eastern Oklahoma should effectively be returned as areas administered by the Five Tribes. This includes the state capital Tulsa. More likely, however, it may simply open up a different system of governing for eastern Oklahoma's Native American eastern regions, but non-Native Americans who live in the area are likely to still be subject to state and local law.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20755How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:10:24Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Establishment of the State */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory. In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1906, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood under the Oklahoma Enabling Act, which then granted statehood to the territory in 1907 and making Oklahoma the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20754How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T08:08:32Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Establishment of the State */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
After losing land, the Indian Territory began to form into Oklahoma. The Dawes Severalty Act (General Allotment Act) of 1887 became the next major law affecting Native Americans in Oklahoma. This effectively removed tribal ownership on land to that of individuals, while also creating a pathway to citizenship for Native Americans. This, in the end, also meant that the main tribes, particularly the Five Tribes, lost about twenty-seven million acres of land as it was redistributed to individuals. The next big change came with the Land Run of April 22, 1889, which led to an influx of settlers claiming areas not occupied by individuals or tribes. In 1889, there was a dispute over what became Oklahoma's panhandle, between settlers and Native Americans, leading to a judge calling this area "No Man's Land," leaving out of the Oklahoma territory. In the 1890s, further migration changed the territory around Oklahoma into a more mixed Native American and non-indigenous and white populations. This is the time when the nickname for migrants to Oklahoma emerged, the Sooners, as lands designated for settlement were sometimes already staked before the land became officially opened for settlement. Effectively, people cheated to obtain land before it was officially opened. The railroad in this time also began to run through the state, make it also valuable land for the companies that owned the railroads and tracks. The railroad encouraged more migration as well into the region. During this time, lawless actions and tensions between settlers and Native Americans increased. As settlers began to move in great numbers, and the Native Americans in the area having not recovered from internal conflict and population decline from the Civil War, power hand now clearly shifted towards white settlers. The Curtis Act of 1898 then was passed and that formally dissolved tribal governments, which had effectively ruled areas of Oklahoma, and cancelled reservation status and removed tribal schools and local government institutions. This now created the pathway for the state of Oklahoma to emerge out of what was once Indian Territory. There were attempts by the tribes in Oklahoma to create a state called the State of Sequoyah, but this was rejected. By 1907, the white settlers had mostly power in the territory and they pushed for statehood, which was granted in that year the 46th state. By then, oil had been discovered and new settlers were arriving into the territory.<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20753How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T07:46:45Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Emergence of Oklahoma */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states. The removal of what were called the Five Civilized Tribes (The Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Seminole, and Creek), who mainly practiced agriculture, led to a new economy in the territory of Oklahoma, that included cotton plantations. This, along with the fact that many tribes also owned black slaves, increasingly led these tribes to have greater connections to southern states and that led many of the tribes to side with the South in the Civil War. However, there was no clear agreement on which side to join and there were divisions. Eventually, after the war, the Union decided to divide Indian Territory, losing much of it as punishment for joining the South.<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20752How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T07:37:06Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Emergence of Oklahoma */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. This was a policy started by the 1830 Indian Removal Act under Andrew Jackson's strong support for this act. Initially, since the time of George Washington, US government policy towards native populations had been attempts to gradually assimilate Native Americans through the teaching of English, conversion to Christianity, and adoption of European styles and dress. However, this also led to resistance and Andrew Jackson, as he became the 7th US president, began to see the need for a new policy focused on removal of indigenous groups. <br />
<br />
While the United States recognized the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory, in the 1830s Indian Territory was much larger than Oklahoma, with wide territories west of the Mississippi river designated as part of Indian Territory. However, that land gradually was reduced over time as settlers crossed the Mississippi. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers. Some of the early tribes that were moved were composed of Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Chickasaw, and Choctaw. The Alabama natives were also included over time. This policy continued into the Civil War era. Most of the tribes relocated were from southern states, as these states were the most vocal supporters of the Act that Jackson signed. There was opposition from northern states, but Jackson saw this as hypocritical given that Native Americans by then had been largely removed or integrated into life in the northern states. Perhaps the most well documented forced removal was the Cherokee Nation removal in 1838, triggered by the discovery of gold in Georgia, what became known as the Trail of Tears, but overall more than 60,000 total Native Americans were forcibly removed across the southern states.<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20751How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T07:19:24Z<p>Maltaweel: /* The Emergence of Oklahoma */</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
Oklahoma was part of the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 that greatly expanded the area of the United States. The region was settled by a variety of Native American populations, including the Caddoans, Siouans, and Athapascans (mainly Plains Apache). The region was also raided and used as a hunting ground by Kiowa, Comanche, and Arapaho populations. This mostly continued through the 18th century and into the early 19th century. Things began to change by the 1830s when the growing United States focused on policies of forced Native American removals from the eastern United States. The United States began to recognize the region around Oklahoma as Indian Territory. This was a place envisioned to be the home of indigenous populations, a place to separate the Native Americans from settlers.<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=How_did_Oklahoma_become_a_State&diff=20750How did Oklahoma become a State2020-07-16T07:12:33Z<p>Maltaweel: Created page with "The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States..."</p>
<hr />
<div>The state of Oklahoma is unique among US states in that it was intended to be, at least wide areas of it, a home for Native Americans who were moved there as the United States expanded and people moved into areas that once had Native Americans. However, over time, Oklahoma began to also emerge as a state with settlers who moved in from neighboring regions. <br />
<br />
==The Emergence of Oklahoma==<br />
<br />
==The Establishment of the State==<br />
<br />
==Recent History==<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:Mask_violations.jpg&diff=20730File:Mask violations.jpg2020-06-30T09:12:26Z<p>Maltaweel: File uploaded with MsUpload</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:3a049913-e8f6-4e22-927c-df23ca2fa036-Mask_style_article.jpg&diff=20728File:3a049913-e8f6-4e22-927c-df23ca2fa036-Mask style article.jpg2020-06-30T09:08:26Z<p>Maltaweel: Maltaweel uploaded a new version of File:3a049913-e8f6-4e22-927c-df23ca2fa036-Mask style article.jpg</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_Convinced_People_in_the_United_States_during_the_1918-1920_Flu_Pandemic_to_wear_masks&diff=20727What Convinced People in the United States during the 1918-1920 Flu Pandemic to wear masks2020-06-30T09:07:02Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Other Efforts Related to Masks */</p>
<hr />
<div>With the Covid-19 pandemic still raging and resurging in the United States, public health officials are encouraging people to wear masks to limit the spread of the virus. In some parts of the United States, there has been hostility to this. Similarly, the 1918 so-called Spanish Flu pandemic also faced similar hostility in places to wearing masks. Public health officials then turned to a variety of tactics to get people to wear masks then that might help encourage some to wear masks in modern epidemics.<br />
<br />
==The 1918 Flu Pandemic and Masks==<br />
<br />
By the autumn of 1918 in the United States, it was clear the flu pandemic was becoming out of control and that surging cases across the country required public health officials to issue direct guidance for people to wear masks. For some states, masks were seen as part of policies such as social distancing, washing hands, and general cleanliness to avoid the spread of the virus. Some cities in the Western United States, including some cities now where we see hostility to wearing masks, passed laws that required masks to be worn at all times by the autumn of 1918. This included Phoenix, San Francisco, and even Juneau, Alaska. Punishments ranged from fines to imprisonment in cities. While most punishments for not wearing a mask were fines, prison sentences did occur. In one horrific incident in San Francisco, a special officer for the board of health shot a man who refused to wear a mask as well as two bystanders.Only after substantial declines in deaths and infections did most of these cities that passed these laws gradually removed the requirement about masks. <br />
<br />
Masks in 1918, however, have been criticized for being ineffective or at least limited in preventing spread of the 1918 virus. The American Public Health Association in December 1918 concluded that wearing mask should be compulsory for medical staff, barbers, dentists, and other occupations that come into close contact with other individuals. However, it found masks were not always beneficial, but that mainly had to do with the materials they were made from or incorrect use of masks. Thus, the board recommended that only workers in close contact wear them and others who wish to do so should be instructed on the proper way in making and wearing masks. A later study in 1927 did, however, show that those who wore masks generally did help to limit the spread of the 1918 virus. The study also determined there were many misconceptions of what masks were for. Masks should presented to the public as devices that help infected people from those already infected, whereas many people saw them differently. The study recognized also there is likely hostility in wearing masks in countries emphasizing individual freedom. However, it should be seen that wearing masks indicates the presence of a serious disease where public and community health can be seen as more important than individual rights at a given time. <br />
<br />
==Other Efforts Related to Masks==<br />
<br />
Not all cities passed such laws requiring masks in 1918, but there were still efforts to get people to wear masks. One effort attempted to get people to wear masks by stating that the effort was patriotic since it helped prevent the spread of the virus to US soldiers, who were severely impacted by the pandemic. This seems to have worked as it appealed to people's patriotism and feeling of supporting the war effort. There were still some dissenters and even an Anti-Mask League was formed in San Francisco. Other cities, such as Seattle, did try appealing to people's fashion sense as a way to get people to wear masks. One newspaper, <i>Seattle Daily Times</i>, even created a headlines titled: “Influenza Veils Set New Fashion: Seattle Women Wearing Fine Mesh With Chiffon Border to Ward Off Malady." The idea of calling them veils, rather than masks, was intended to get people to feel they were more of a fashion item, perhaps similar to how some masks today are relatively decorative. However, sometimes well-meaning efforts also failed, where making them into fashion items also meant that people often put masks on incorrectly or even altered them from their true intention (Figure 2). Finally, embarrassing people was another tactic used, with some places having the local newspaper print the names of people who were caught not wearing a mask.<br />
<br />
[[File:3a049913-e8f6-4e22-927c-df23ca2fa036-Mask style article.jpg|thumb|Figure 2. Newspaper cliping on fashionable ways to wear a mask. Some of the ways suggested make masks useless. ]]<br />
<br />
==Complaints Concerning Masks==<br />
<br />
The standard complaints people did give in 1918 on why they did not wear masks did vary, besides the main reason being that some saw them as impinging on their personal freedom. One of the most common complaints was they were hot and stuffy. Some businesses worried masks would limit sales, as people would not want to wear them so they would not go outside and shop. Others pointed out that mask were ineffective. Many of these complaints had merit, although they could have been remedied or at least minimized, such as wearing masks properly to make them more comfortable and effective. For instance, people were even caught making holes in their masks so they could smoke, negating the utility of a mask. Protests did spring up, including those organized by anti-mask groups, but generally people complied with either laws requiring masks to be worn or followed due to pressure.</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:3a049913-e8f6-4e22-927c-df23ca2fa036-Mask_style_article.jpg&diff=20726File:3a049913-e8f6-4e22-927c-df23ca2fa036-Mask style article.jpg2020-06-30T09:06:16Z<p>Maltaweel: File uploaded with MsUpload</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:Bank_of_North_America.jpg&diff=20724File:Bank of North America.jpg2020-06-30T09:02:13Z<p>Maltaweel: Maltaweel uploaded a new version of File:Bank of North America.jpg</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_Convinced_People_in_the_United_States_during_the_1918-1920_Flu_Pandemic_to_wear_masks&diff=20721What Convinced People in the United States during the 1918-1920 Flu Pandemic to wear masks2020-06-30T08:59:55Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Complaints Concerning Masks */</p>
<hr />
<div>With the Covid-19 pandemic still raging and resurging in the United States, public health officials are encouraging people to wear masks to limit the spread of the virus. In some parts of the United States, there has been hostility to this. Similarly, the 1918 so-called Spanish Flu pandemic also faced similar hostility in places to wearing masks. Public health officials then turned to a variety of tactics to get people to wear masks then that might help encourage some to wear masks in modern epidemics.<br />
<br />
==The 1918 Flu Pandemic and Masks==<br />
<br />
By the autumn of 1918 in the United States, it was clear the flu pandemic was becoming out of control and that surging cases across the country required public health officials to issue direct guidance for people to wear masks. For some states, masks were seen as part of policies such as social distancing, washing hands, and general cleanliness to avoid the spread of the virus. Some cities in the Western United States, including some cities now where we see hostility to wearing masks, passed laws that required masks to be worn at all times by the autumn of 1918. This included Phoenix, San Francisco, and even Juneau, Alaska. Punishments ranged from fines to imprisonment in cities. While most punishments for not wearing a mask were fines, prison sentences did occur. In one horrific incident in San Francisco, a special officer for the board of health shot a man who refused to wear a mask as well as two bystanders.Only after substantial declines in deaths and infections did most of these cities that passed these laws gradually removed the requirement about masks. <br />
<br />
Masks in 1918, however, have been criticized for being ineffective or at least limited in preventing spread of the 1918 virus. The American Public Health Association in December 1918 concluded that wearing mask should be compulsory for medical staff, barbers, dentists, and other occupations that come into close contact with other individuals. However, it found masks were not always beneficial, but that mainly had to do with the materials they were made from or incorrect use of masks. Thus, the board recommended that only workers in close contact wear them and others who wish to do so should be instructed on the proper way in making and wearing masks. A later study in 1927 did, however, show that those who wore masks generally did help to limit the spread of the 1918 virus. The study also determined there were many misconceptions of what masks were for. Masks should presented to the public as devices that help infected people from those already infected, whereas many people saw them differently. The study recognized also there is likely hostility in wearing masks in countries emphasizing individual freedom. However, it should be seen that wearing masks indicates the presence of a serious disease where public and community health can be seen as more important than individual rights at a given time. <br />
<br />
==Other Efforts Related to Masks==<br />
<br />
Not all cities passed such laws requiring masks in 1918, but there were still efforts to get people to wear masks. One effort attempted to get people to wear masks by stating that the effort was patriotic since it helped prevent the spread of the virus to US soldiers, who were severely impacted by the pandemic. This seems to have worked as it appealed to people's patriotism and feeling of supporting the war effort. There were still some dissenters and even an Anti-Mask League was formed in San Francisco. Other cities, such as Seattle, did try appealing to people's fashion sense as a way to get people to wear masks. One newspaper, <i>Seattle Daily Times</i>, even created a headlines titled: “Influenza Veils Set New Fashion: Seattle Women Wearing Fine Mesh With Chiffon Border to Ward Off Malady." The idea of calling them veils, rather than masks, was intended to get people to feel they were more of a fashion item, perhaps similar to how some masks today are relatively decorative. Finally, embarrassing people was another tactic used, with some places having the local newspaper print the names of people who were caught not wearing a mask.<br />
<br />
==Complaints Concerning Masks==<br />
<br />
The standard complaints people did give in 1918 on why they did not wear masks did vary, besides the main reason being that some saw them as impinging on their personal freedom. One of the most common complaints was they were hot and stuffy. Some businesses worried masks would limit sales, as people would not want to wear them so they would not go outside and shop. Others pointed out that mask were ineffective. Many of these complaints had merit, although they could have been remedied or at least minimized, such as wearing masks properly to make them more comfortable and effective. For instance, people were even caught making holes in their masks so they could smoke, negating the utility of a mask. Protests did spring up, including those organized by anti-mask groups, but generally people complied with either laws requiring masks to be worn or followed due to pressure.</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_Convinced_People_in_the_United_States_during_the_1918-1920_Flu_Pandemic_to_wear_masks&diff=20715What Convinced People in the United States during the 1918-1920 Flu Pandemic to wear masks2020-06-30T08:30:13Z<p>Maltaweel: Created page with "With the Covid-19 pandemic still raging and resurging in the United States, public health officials are encouraging people to wear masks to limit the spread of the virus. In s..."</p>
<hr />
<div>With the Covid-19 pandemic still raging and resurging in the United States, public health officials are encouraging people to wear masks to limit the spread of the virus. In some parts of the United States, there has been hostility to this. Similarly, the 1918 so-called Spanish Flu pandemic also faced similar hostility in places to wearing masks. Public health officials then turned to a variety of tactics to get people to wear masks then that might help encourage some to wear masks in modern epidemics.<br />
<br />
==The 1918 Flu Pandemic and Masks==<br />
<br />
By the autumn of 1918 in the United States, it was clear the flu pandemic was becoming out of control and that surging cases across the country required public health officials to issue direct guidance for people to wear masks. For some states, masks were seen as part of policies such as social distancing, washing hands, and general cleanliness to avoid the spread of the virus. Some cities in the Western United States, including some cities now where we see hostility to wearing masks, passed laws that required masks to be worn at all times by the autumn of 1918. This included Phoenix, San Francisco, and even Juneau, Alaska. Punishments ranged from fines to imprisonment in cities. While most punishments for not wearing a mask were fines, prison sentences did occur. In one horrific incident in San Francisco, a special officer for the board of health shot a man who refused to wear a mask as well as two bystanders.Only after substantial declines in deaths and infections did most of these cities that passed these laws gradually removed the requirement about masks. <br />
<br />
Masks in 1918, however, have been criticized for being ineffective or at least limited in preventing spread of the 1918 virus. The American Public Health Association in December 1918 concluded that wearing mask should be compulsory for medical staff, barbers, dentists, and other occupations that come into close contact with other individuals. However, it found masks were not always beneficial, but that mainly had to do with the materials they were made from or incorrect use of masks. Thus, the board recommended that only workers in close contact wear them and others who wish to do so should be instructed on the proper way in making and wearing masks. A later study in 1927 did, however, show that those who wore masks generally did help to limit the spread of the 1918 virus. The study also determined there were many misconceptions of what masks were for. Masks should presented to the public as devices that help infected people from those already infected, whereas many people saw them differently. The study recognized also there is likely hostility in wearing masks in countries emphasizing individual freedom. However, it should be seen that wearing masks indicates the presence of a serious disease where public and community health can be seen as more important than individual rights at a given time. <br />
<br />
==Other Efforts Related to Masks==<br />
<br />
Not all cities passed such laws requiring masks in 1918, but there were still efforts to get people to wear masks. One effort attempted to get people to wear masks by stating that the effort was patriotic since it helped prevent the spread of the virus to US soldiers, who were severely impacted by the pandemic. This seems to have worked as it appealed to people's patriotism and feeling of supporting the war effort. There were still some dissenters and even an Anti-Mask League was formed in San Francisco. Other cities, such as Seattle, did try appealing to people's fashion sense as a way to get people to wear masks. One newspaper, <i>Seattle Daily Times</i>, even created a headlines titled: “Influenza Veils Set New Fashion: Seattle Women Wearing Fine Mesh With Chiffon Border to Ward Off Malady." The idea of calling them veils, rather than masks, was intended to get people to feel they were more of a fashion item, perhaps similar to how some masks today are relatively decorative. Finally, embarrassing people was another tactic used, with some places having the local newspaper print the names of people who were caught not wearing a mask.<br />
<br />
==Complaints Concerning Masks==<br />
<br />
The standard complaints people did give in 1918 on why they did not wear masks did vary, besides the main reason being that some saw them as impinging on their personal freedom. One of the most common complaints was they were hot and stuffy. Some businesses worried masks would limit sales, as people would not want to wear them so they would not go outside and shop.</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20690What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T09:25:34Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Modern Period Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, demonstrating some effectiveness of mass mobilization and mix of violence. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial in Britain. This also elped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston that occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights in the 18th century, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the US Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of new taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution that was sparked by mass movements in reaction to this and other events. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization led by Samuel Adams, opposed taxation without local representation as their main rallying call and helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<ref>For more on early colonial protests and violent incidents related to civil disturbances, see: Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i>. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999. </ref><br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. However, violence was still common. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. Race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States that led to protests and riots. Other protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a African American man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives tried to peacefully protest their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Many natives simply refused to go with their possessions as they were moved but ultimately federal troops removed the natives and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears.<ref>For more on early US protests and incidents, including violent actions, see: Danver, Steven Laurence, ed. <i>Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movements by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades through active enrollments of members. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare, such as for some railroad workers, and paid time off.<ref>For more on labor, anti-slavery, and suffrage movements and protests, see: Berkin, Carol, ed. <i>Making America: A History of the United States</i>. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the civil rights and women's rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women Paul's organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements across the country as the national mood shifted. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience and boycotts could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement, helping to inspire these strategies for other movements across the world and United States. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights.<ref>For more on protest movements in the 20th century, see: Sullivan, James. <i>Which Side Are You on? 20th Century American History in 100 Protest Songs</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in the beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 15, 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights marchs occurring and initially sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<ref>For more on recent protest and riots that shaped the United States, see: Stoltman, Joan. <i>Protests and Riots That Changed America</i>. American History. New York: Lucent Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20689What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T09:18:52Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Later Developments */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, demonstrating some effectiveness of mass mobilization and mix of violence. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial in Britain. This also elped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston that occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights in the 18th century, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the US Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of new taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution that was sparked by mass movements in reaction to this and other events. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization led by Samuel Adams, opposed taxation without local representation as their main rallying call and helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<ref>For more on early colonial protests and violent incidents related to civil disturbances, see: Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i>. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999. </ref><br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. However, violence was still common. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. Race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States that led to protests and riots. Other protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a African American man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives tried to peacefully protest their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Many natives simply refused to go with their possessions as they were moved but ultimately federal troops removed the natives and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears.<ref>For more on early US protests and incidents, including violent actions, see: Danver, Steven Laurence, ed. <i>Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movements by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades through active enrollments of members. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare, such as for some railroad workers, and paid time off.<ref>For more on labor, anti-slavery, and suffrage movements and protests, see: Berkin, Carol, ed. <i>Making America: A History of the United States</i>. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights.<ref>For more on protest movements in the 20th century, see: Sullivan, James. <i>Which Side Are You on? 20th Century American History in 100 Protest Songs</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<ref>For more on recent protest and riots that shaped the United States, see: Stoltman, Joan. <i>Protests and Riots That Changed America</i>. American History. New York: Lucent Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20688What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T09:13:34Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, demonstrating some effectiveness of mass mobilization and mix of violence. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial in Britain. This also elped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston that occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights in the 18th century, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the US Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of new taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution that was sparked by mass movements in reaction to this and other events. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization led by Samuel Adams, opposed taxation without local representation as their main rallying call and helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<ref>For more on early colonial protests and violent incidents related to civil disturbances, see: Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i>. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999. </ref><br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears.<ref>For more on early US protests and incidents, including violent actions, see: Danver, Steven Laurence, ed. <i>Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<ref>For more on labor, anti-slavery, and suffrage movements and protests, see: Berkin, Carol, ed. <i>Making America: A History of the United States</i>. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights.<ref>For more on protest movements in the 20th century, see: Sullivan, James. <i>Which Side Are You on? 20th Century American History in 100 Protest Songs</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<ref>For more on recent protest and riots that shaped the United States, see: Stoltman, Joan. <i>Protests and Riots That Changed America</i>. American History. New York: Lucent Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20687What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T09:08:27Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Modern Period Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<ref>For more on early colonial protests and violent incidents related to civil disturbances, see: Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i>. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999. </ref><br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears.<ref>For more on early US protests and incidents, including violent actions, see: Danver, Steven Laurence, ed. <i>Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<ref>For more on labor, anti-slavery, and suffrage movements and protests, see: Berkin, Carol, ed. <i>Making America: A History of the United States</i>. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights.<ref>For more on protest movements in the 20th century, see: Sullivan, James. <i>Which Side Are You on? 20th Century American History in 100 Protest Songs</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<ref>For more on recent protest and riots that shaped the United States, see: Stoltman, Joan. <i>Protests and Riots That Changed America</i>. American History. New York: Lucent Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20686What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T09:06:44Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Modern Period Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<ref>For more on early colonial protests and violent incidents related to civil disturbances, see: Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i>. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999. </ref><br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears.<ref>For more on early US protests and incidents, including violent actions, see: Danver, Steven Laurence, ed. <i>Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<ref>For more on labor, anti-slavery, and suffrage movements and protests, see: Berkin, Carol, ed. <i>Making America: A History of the United States</i>. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights.<ref>For more on protest movements in the 20th century, see: Sullivan, James. <i>Which Side Are You on? 20th Century American History in 100 Protest Songs</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 2019.</ref><br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20685What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T09:04:11Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Later Developments */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<ref>For more on early colonial protests and violent incidents related to civil disturbances, see: Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i>. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999. </ref><br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears.<ref>For more on early US protests and incidents, including violent actions, see: Danver, Steven Laurence, ed. <i>Revolts, Protests, Demonstrations, and Rebellions in American History: An Encyclopedia</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-CLIO, 2011.</ref><br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<ref>For more on labor, anti-slavery, and suffrage movements and protests, see: Berkin, Carol, ed. <i>Making America: A History of the United States</i>. 6th ed. Boston: Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, 2012.</ref><br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20684What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:58:14Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<ref>For more on early colonial protests and violent incidents related to civil disturbances, see: Gilje, Paul A. <i>Rioting in America</i>. Interdisciplinary Studies in History. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana Univ. Press, 1999. </ref><br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20683What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:55:47Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Modern Period Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally (Figure 2). In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:6-1.jpeg|thumb|Figure 2. The suffrage protests helped give an example to other protest movements. ]]<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:6-1.jpeg&diff=20682File:6-1.jpeg2020-06-10T08:55:05Z<p>Maltaweel: File uploaded with MsUpload</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20681What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:50:01Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:detail1.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20680What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:49:29Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:detail.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20679What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:49:07Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:Detail.png|thumb|The Knowles riot resulted from an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service. ]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20678What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:47:58Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
[[File:Figure 1. The Knowles Riot led to protest and violent reaction against an attempt to force Bostonians into naval service for the British.|thumb]]<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=File:Detail1.png&diff=20677File:Detail1.png2020-06-10T08:47:04Z<p>Maltaweel: File uploaded with MsUpload</p>
<hr />
<div>File uploaded with MsUpload</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20676What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:46:47Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 was a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting (Figure 1). This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20675What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:42:32Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Summary */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
Protests and the rights to express dissatisfaction with government and official policy is so ingrained in American history that it forms the country's First Amendment. While violence has continued to plague many movements and strong reactions to events, many protests have shifted over the decades in strategy. Pamphlets and underground actions were typical in the early protests against slavery. Later, powerful speakers such as Dr. King and mass media helped to inspire large-scale protests and movements. More recently, social media has helped galvanize efforts such as the Women's March in 2017 and 2018.<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20674What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:39:17Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Modern Period Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. More recently, similar strategies were used for the gay, lesbian, and bisexual movements to gain increasing rights. One of the largest protests in United States history in Washington occurred in April 25, 1993, where over 800,000 marched in support of lesbian, gay, and bisexual rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war. The largest marches in United States history (both over 1.5 million people) occurred in the 2017 and 2018, with the Women's Rights march which were sparked by President Trump's statements that were seen as anti-women and offensive. The March of Our Lives in 2018 was another large-scale (over 1.2 million) demonstration against gun violence. Racial related protests and riots, however, continued to persist, including the Ferguson Unrest in 2014 that led to protests and rioting in Ferguson Missouri. The most recent example is the George Floyd killing, which has now led to mostly peaceful protests globally with some more violent incidents. These events highlight that while many protests and movements have shifted, often because of great success, race continues to be an issue leading to peaceful and violent protest movements in the United States.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20673What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:25:13Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Modern Period Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions. Both the anti-Vietnam war and civil rights movements helped to inspire and shape other non-violent protests in the 1960s and 1970s, such as the American Indian movement, but violence often persisted and accompanied more peaceful protests, including in against the war in Vietnam and civil rights. <br />
<br />
In recent decades, riots often formed when racial injustice became evident. The Los Angeles riots in 1992 was a well known example, which occurred after white police officers were acquitted in he beating of motorist Rodney King. Anti-globalization protests sometimes turned violent such as the 1999 Seattle World Trade Organization meeting that led to clashes between police and protesters. The largest anti-war protests arguably occurred in February 2003 in the lead up to the Iraq War, when cities across the United States and many countries organized a day of protests against the impending war.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20672What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T08:17:32Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Modern Period Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
The suffrage protests perhaps peaked in the 1910s with several large marches in the United States and globally. In the United States, Alice Paul led a large protest in Washington and became a key strategist in helping to have the 19th Amendment to be ratified. She continued to protest well after her younger years and even in the 1960s she was active in the Civil Rights and Women's Rights movements. In fact, in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, women became included, and not just African Americans, in protection against discrimination in large part because of her organization and campaigning. Interestingly, as the anti-slavery protests helped to shape the suffrage movement for women in the 1800s and early 1900s, it was the suffrage movement that also shaped the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s, as peaceful large marches, including in Washington, became the norm in post-World War II protests in order to gain increased national attention. This was the case for Martin Luther King's protests, initially in the US South, but also the strategy in the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom in August 28, 1963. This march led to the well known "I Have a Dream Speech" by Dr. King but also demonstrated that large gatherings, filmed by the media, and focusing on inspirational and national figures could help spark success for protest movements. The subsequent anti-war Vietnam protests used similar strategies of having large protests, often by young people, focused on major cities and drawing national media coverage. Other events in the 1950s shaped the civil rights movement, which became the most prominent post-World War II protests and actions. This included Rosa Parks in 1955 being asked to give up her bus seat to a white man that helped to launch protests against segregation in Montgomery, Alabama and elsewhere. That incident not only launched Martin Luther King into a prominent leader for civil rights but it also demonstrate that non-violent civil disobedience could be an effective strategy of protest for many involved in the civil rights movement. The Montgomery Bus boycotts in 1955-1956 successfully ended bus segregation. From the 1957-1964, increasing civil rights laws at the federal level improved legal protection for African Americans despite persistent racial tensions.<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20671What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T07:53:51Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Later Developments */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL) were among the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement, including access to healthcare for some railroad workers and paid time off.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20670What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T07:48:51Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Later Developments */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time, including taxes, question of state rights, and rights to vote. Shays' rebellion in 1786 led to an armed rebellion that was caused by the issue of tax collection and debt. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President. The American Anti-Slavery Society also became a key blueprint for protests movement by establishing key speakers, such as Frederick Douglass, and publications (<i>The Liberty Bell</i>) that helped such organization not only organize protests but also establish movements that lasted for decades. The organization used publications and speakers to also establish networks across the United States that helped to gain an increased following among anti-slavery supporters. In the post-Civil War era, labor strikes and protests became an increasing phenomenon as industrialization accelerated. The Knights of Labor was one of the most successful organizations to conduct protests and strikes, which became common in the 1880s. While strikes and protests often led to violent incidents, such as the Haymarket affair in 1886, eventually improved labor conditions and pay by the early 1900s did lead to some success for the labor movement.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20669What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T07:30:34Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Later Developments */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
The main difference between protests in the 18th century and those in the early 19th century was many protests were more likely to be less violent as the First Amendment came into effect. After the establishment of the United States, protests often shifted to different issues that reflected the politics of the time. However, race became perhaps the most consistent and long-term issue in the history of the United States, as race riots and protests have continued to occur. Protests often turned violent, such as the Hard Scrabble and Snow Town riots in 1824 and 1831, when mostly working-class whites destroyed homes occupied by African Americans. The first riot in 1824 was sparked by a black man refusing to get off a side walk when approaching white men came near him. In 1836 and 1839, the Cherokee natives were peacefully protesting their forced removal from the southeastern United States to what is Oklahoma. Nevertheless, they were still removed and their long march and death along the way became known as the Trail of Tears. <br />
<br />
While the Trail of Tears and protests during the forced removal of Native Americans failed to lead to any political change, one of the most successful peaceful protests that created political and social change was the Women's Suffrage Movement that spanned from the 1840s to 1920. The main achievement was the establishment of the 19th Amendment in the Constitution. However, the early years of the movements sprang from the anti-slavery movement, including the eventual acceptance of women to join the American Anti-Slavery Society which occurred for the first time in 1839. Women became active in peaceful national protests against slavery. One of the first political parties to form that advocated not only an end to slavery but also suffrage for all was the Liberty Party, which formed in the 1840s but ultimately failed. Its prominent members, however, went on to help found the Republican Party in the 1850s and put Abraham Lincoln as President.<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20668What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T07:06:40Z<p>Maltaweel: /* Early Mass Protests */</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The Knowles Riot of 1747 were a major disturbance in Boston occurred after Admiral Charles Knowles attempted to impress poor Bostonians into naval service, leading to protests and armed rioting. This represented one of the largest class-based protests and riots, as it was mostly working class and poor affected, on the issue of civil rights, that is what rights do individuals have in refusing military service. While this was put down, it did lead to more cautious approaches by the British in recruiting colonists for their armed forces. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. The Stamp Act in 1765 proved very unpopular in the Colonies, which raised taxes and required printed paper be produced in Britain. A series of increased protests occurred in the Colonies after this tax was imposed. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States.<br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweelhttps://dailyhistory.org/index.php?title=What_is_the_History_of_Mass_Protests_in_the_United_States&diff=20667What is the History of Mass Protests in the United States2020-06-10T06:56:47Z<p>Maltaweel: Created page with "Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Mass protests have long been part of American culture, even before there was a United States. When the United States formed, it was recognized that the First Amendment protect citizens rights to protest. In many cases, these mass movements based on organized and sometimes not so organized protests have led to major social and political change. This is not always the case but these movements have been both a positive and sometimes destructive part of US history.<br />
<br />
==Early Mass Protests==<br />
The largest protests in US history have all occurred since 2016; however, early in US history mass protests were vital to social and political change. Class discontent has often been a main reason for mass movements and protests. Culpeper's Rebellion was one of the first large-scale, at least based on the population at the time, movements in Carolina Colony in 1677. This was led by John Culpeper in a protest movement and armed rebellion against the British authorities over the issue of taxes in the Navigation Act. At the time, the British had begun to create a series of duties on cotton and other exports from their American colonies, such as tobacco exports. The movement was ultimately suppressed but for a time the rebellion and protests worked in getting the British to exempt taxes, which was the main reason why the rebellion started. John Culpeper even successfully defended himself while he was on trial. John Culpeper was able to lead the movement and this helped him to become a prominent citizen in what is today North Carolina, where ultimately his descendants continued to even be influential in North Carolina politics long after the establishment of the United States. The theme of taxes continued to be a strong one in North America and what ultimately sparked the Revolutionary War. Among different acts, the Townshend Acts, which led to a series of taxes, created tensions that ultimately led to the Boston Tea Party in 1773 and subsequent American Revolution. The main disputes centered on whether Parliament had the right to tax in the Colonies rather than local representatives. The Sons of Liberty, an initially secret organization, led by Samuel Adams, opposed to taxation without representation, helped lead a series of movements that led to coordinated anti-tax protests and disturbances, including the Boston Tea Party. It is arguable that the events leading to the American Revolution, led by the Sons of Liberty and other related groups, could be considered the first coordinate acts of disobedience and protests across what became the United States. <br />
<br />
==Later Developments==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Modern Period Protests==<br />
<br />
<br />
==Summary==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Maltaweel